Winter D G, John O P, Stewart A J, Klohnen E C, Duncan L E
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1109, USA.
Psychol Rev. 1998 Apr;105(2):230-50. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.105.2.230.
After reviewing classic and current conceptions of trait (as measured by questionnaires) and motive (as measured by the Thematic Apperception Test [TAT] or other imaginative verbal behavior), the authors suggest that these 2 concepts reflect 2 fundamentally different elements of personality--conceptually distinct and empirically unrelated. The authors propose that traits and motives interact in the prediction of behavior: Traits channel the behavioral expression of motives throughout the life course. The authors illustrate this interactive hypothesis in 2 longitudinal studies, focusing on the broad trait of extraversion and the 2 social motives of affiliation and power. In interaction with extraversion, both motives show predicted and replicated relations to independently measured life outcomes in the domains of relationships and careers. Extraversion facilitates unconflicted motive expression, whereas introversion deflects social motives away from their characteristic goals and creates difficulties in goal attainment.
在回顾了特质（通过问卷测量）和动机（通过主题统觉测验[TAT]或其他富有想象力的言语行为测量）的经典和当前概念后，作者们认为这两个概念反映了人格的两个根本不同的要素——在概念上截然不同且在实证上不相关。作者们提出，特质和动机在行为预测中相互作用：特质在整个生命过程中引导动机的行为表达。作者们在两项纵向研究中阐述了这一交互假设，重点关注外向性这一宽泛特质以及归属和权力这两种社会动机。与外向性相互作用时，这两种动机在人际关系和职业领域与独立测量的生活结果均呈现出预测性和重复性的关系。外向性有助于动机的无冲突表达，而内向性则使社会动机偏离其典型目标，并在目标达成方面造成困难。
