Fradin M S
Chapel Hill Dermatology, NC 27514, USA.
Ann Intern Med. 1998 Jun 1;128(11):931-40. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-128-11-199806010-00013.
This paper is intended to provide the clinician with the detailed and scientific information needed to advise patients who seek safe and effective ways of preventing mosquito bites. For this review, clinical and analytical data were selected from peer-reviewed research studies and review articles, case reports, entomology texts and journals, and government and industry publications. Relevant information was identified through a search of the MEDLINE database, the World Wide Web, the Mosquito-L electronic mailing list, and the Extension Toxicology Network database; selected U.S. Army, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Department of Agriculture publications were also reviewed. N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) is the most effective, and best studied, insect repellent currently on the market. This substance has a remarkable safety profile after 40 years of worldwide use, but toxic reactions can occur (usually when the product is misused). When DEET-based repellents are applied in combination with permethrin-treated clothing, protection against bites of nearly 100% can be achieved. Plant-based repellents are generally less effective than DEET-based products. Ultrasonic devices, outdoor bug "zappers," and bat houses are not effective against mosquitoes. Highly sensitive persons may want to take oral antihistamines to minimize cutaneous reactions to mosquito bites.
本文旨在为临床医生提供详细且科学的信息，以便其为寻求安全有效防蚊方法的患者提供建议。在本次综述中，临床和分析数据选自同行评审的研究报告、综述文章、病例报告、昆虫学文献和期刊，以及政府和行业出版物。通过检索MEDLINE数据库、万维网、Mosquito-L电子邮件列表和扩展毒理学网络数据库来确定相关信息；还查阅了美国陆军、美国环境保护局和美国农业部的部分选定出版物。N,N-二乙基-3-甲基苯甲酰胺（避蚊胺）是目前市场上最有效且研究最充分的驱虫剂。在全球使用40年后，该物质具有显著的安全性，但仍可能发生毒性反应（通常是在产品使用不当的情况下）。当含避蚊胺的驱虫剂与经氯菊酯处理的衣物联合使用时，可实现近100%的防叮咬效果。植物性驱虫剂通常不如含避蚊胺的产品有效。超声波装置、户外灭虫器和蝙蝠屋对蚊子无效。高敏人群可能希望口服抗组胺药，以尽量减少蚊虫叮咬引起的皮肤反应。
