Taylor J W, Geiser D M, Burt A, Koufopanou V
Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102, USA.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999 Jan;12(1):126-46. doi: 10.1128/CMR.12.1.126.
Strain typing of medically important fungi and fungal population genetics have been stimulated by new methods of tapping DNA variation. The aim of this contribution is to show how awareness of fungal population genetics can increase the utility of strain typing to better serve the interests of medical mycology. Knowing two basic features of fungal population biology, the mode of reproduction and genetic differentiation or isolation, can give medical mycologists information about the intraspecific groups that are worth identifying and the number and type of markers that would be needed to do so. The same evolutionary information can be just as valuable for the selection of fungi for development and testing of pharmaceuticals or vaccines. The many methods of analyzing DNA variation are evaluated in light of the need for polymorphic loci that are well characterized, simple, independent, and stable. Traditional population genetic and new phylogenetic methods for analyzing mode of reproduction, genetic differentiation, and isolation are reviewed. Strain typing and population genetic reports are examined for six medically important species: Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and A. flavus. Research opportunities in the areas of genomics, correlation of clinical variation with genetic variation, amount of recombination, and standardization of approach are suggested.
新的挖掘DNA变异的方法推动了医学重要真菌的菌株分型和真菌群体遗传学的发展。本文的目的是展示对真菌群体遗传学的认识如何提高菌株分型的效用，以更好地服务于医学真菌学的需求。了解真菌群体生物学的两个基本特征，即繁殖方式和遗传分化或隔离，可为医学真菌学家提供有关值得鉴定的种内群体以及进行鉴定所需的标记数量和类型的信息。同样的进化信息对于选择用于药物或疫苗开发和测试的真菌也具有同等价值。根据对特征明确、简单、独立且稳定的多态性位点的需求，对多种分析DNA变异的方法进行了评估。综述了用于分析繁殖方式、遗传分化和隔离的传统群体遗传学方法和新的系统发育方法。对六种医学重要物种的菌株分型和群体遗传学报告进行了研究：粗球孢子菌、荚膜组织胞浆菌、白色念珠菌隐球菌、烟曲霉和黄曲霉。提出了在基因组学、临床变异与遗传变异的相关性、重组量以及方法标准化等领域的研究机会。
