Duncan B L
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1976 Oct;34(4):590-8. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.34.4.590.
In a modified 4 X 4 factorial design with race (black-white) of the harm-doer and race (black-white) of the victim as the major factors, the phenomenon of differential social perception of intergroup violence was established. While subjects, observing a videotape of purported ongoing ineraction occuring in another room, labeled an act (ambiguous shove) as more violent when it was performed by a black than when the same act was perpetrated by a white. That is, the concept of violence was more accessible when viewing a black than when viewing a white committing the same act. Causal attributions were also found to be divergent. Situation attributions were preferred when the harm-doer was white, and person (dispositional) attributions were preferred in the black-protagonist conditions. The results are discussed in terms of perceptual threshold, sterotypy, and attributional biases.
在一个经过改进的4×4析因设计中，以加害者的种族（黑人-白人）和受害者的种族（黑人-白人）作为主要因素，确立了群体间暴力的不同社会认知现象。当受试者观看一段据称在另一个房间发生的互动录像时，他们会将一个行为（模棱两可的推搡）标记为更具暴力性，如果该行为是由黑人实施的，而不是由白人实施同样行为时。也就是说，观看黑人实施同一行为时，暴力概念比观看白人实施时更容易被联想到。研究还发现因果归因存在差异。当加害者是白人时，倾向于情境归因；而在以黑人为主角的情况下，倾向于个人（性格）归因。研究结果从感知阈值、刻板印象和归因偏差的角度进行了讨论。
