Whittlesea B W, Williams L D
Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2000 May;26(3):547-65. doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.26.3.547.
Many investigators have observed that the feeling of familiarity is associated with fluency of processing. The authors demonstrated a case in which the feeling of familiarity did not result from fluency per se; they argued that it resulted instead from perceiving a discrepancy between the actual and expected fluency of processing (B. W. A. Whittlesea & L. D. Williams, 1998). In this article, the authors extend that argument. They observed that stimuli that are experienced as strongly familiar when presented in isolation are instead experienced as being novel when presented in a rhyme or semantic context. They interpreted that result to mean that in those other contexts, the subjects brought a different standard to bear in evaluating the fluency of their processing. This different standard caused the subjects to perceive their performance not as discrepant, but as coherent in one case and incongruous in the other. The authors suggest that the perception of discrepancy is a major factor in producing the feeling of familiarity. They further suggest that the occurrence of that perception depends on the task in which the person is engaged when encountering the stimulus, because that task affects the standard that the person will apply in evaluating their processing.
许多研究者观察到，熟悉感与加工流畅性相关。作者展示了一个案例，其中熟悉感并非源于流畅性本身；他们认为，熟悉感反而源于察觉到实际加工流畅性与预期加工流畅性之间的差异（B. W. A. 惠特尔西 & L. D. 威廉姆斯，1998）。在本文中，作者扩展了这一观点。他们观察到，单独呈现时被强烈体验为熟悉的刺激，在押韵或语义语境中呈现时却被体验为新颖的。他们将这一结果解释为，在那些其他语境中，受试者在评估自身加工流畅性时采用了不同的标准。这种不同的标准导致受试者在一种情况下将自己的表现视为连贯的，而在另一种情况下视为不一致的，而非有差异的。作者认为，差异感是产生熟悉感的一个主要因素。他们进一步指出，这种差异感的出现取决于个体在遇到刺激时所从事的任务，因为该任务会影响个体在评估自身加工时所采用的标准。
