Pelham W E, Lang A R
Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA.
Alcohol Res Health. 1999;23(4):292-8.
Several publications in the psychological literature support the theory that children are a major source of stress for their parents. Not surprisingly, parents of children with behavior problems--particularly children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)--experience highly elevated levels of daily child-rearing stresses. Children with ADHD disregard parental requests, commands, and rules; fight with siblings; disturb neighbors; and have frequent negative encounters with schoolteachers and principals. Although may investigations have dealt with parenting stress caused by disruptive children, only a handful of studies have addressed the question of how parents cope with this stress. Those findings are presented, including a series of studies assessing parental distress and alcohol consumption among parents of normal children and ADHD children after the parents interacted with either normal- or deviant-behaving children. Those studies strongly support the assumption that the deviant child behaviors that represent major chronic interpersonal stressors for parents of ADHD children are associated with increased parental alcohol consumption. Studies also have demonstrated that parenting hassles may result in increased alcohol consumption in parents of "normal" children. Given these findings, the stress associated with parenting and its influence on parental alcohol consumption should occupy a salient position among the variables that are examined in the study of stress and alcohol problems.
心理学文献中的几篇出版物支持这样一种理论，即孩子是父母压力的主要来源。毫不奇怪，有行为问题的孩子——尤其是患有注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的孩子——的父母在日常育儿压力方面的水平极高。患有ADHD的孩子无视父母的要求、命令和规则；与兄弟姐妹打架；打扰邻居；并经常与学校老师和校长发生负面冲突。尽管许多研究都涉及了由捣蛋孩子引起的育儿压力，但只有少数研究探讨了父母如何应对这种压力的问题。本文呈现了这些研究结果，包括一系列研究，这些研究评估了正常孩子和ADHD孩子的父母在与行为正常或行为异常的孩子互动后，他们的痛苦程度和酒精消费量。这些研究有力地支持了这样一种假设，即对于ADHD孩子的父母来说，代表主要慢性人际压力源的异常孩子行为与父母酒精消费量增加有关。研究还表明，育儿烦恼可能会导致“正常”孩子的父母酒精消费量增加。鉴于这些发现，与育儿相关的压力及其对父母酒精消费的影响，在压力与酒精问题研究中所考察的变量中应占据显著地位。
