Naeher L P, Smith K R, Leaderer B P, Mage D, Grajeda R
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8034, USA.
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2000 Nov-Dec;10(6 Pt 1):544-51. doi: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500113.
Continuous particles less than 2.5 microm in diameter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) were monitored during breakfast, lunch, and dinner in three high-density and four low-density villages near Quetzaltenango, Guatemala to help assess the viability of this region for a proposed respiratory health and stove intervention study. Approximately 15 homes were visited during each mealtime in each of the seven villages; in all, 98 homes were visited, with a sampling duration of 2-3 min per home per meal. For each village, a line (transect) was drawn on a village map along existing roads from one end of the village to the other; homes and between-home outside locations along the transect were monitored. Although the predominant stove type was the open fire, several other stoves, in various levels of disrepair, were observed frequently. The highest indoor concentrations of PM2.5 were observed in homes using the open fire (avg. = 5.31 mg/m3; SD=4.75 mg/m3) or equivalent, although homes using the plancha--indigenous wood-burning stove with chimney--also had measurements > 13.8 mg/m3, PM2.5 limit of detection. The highest indoor concentrations of CO were also observed in homes using the open fire (avg. = 22.9 ppm; SD = 28.1 ppm), with a maximum measurement of > 250 ppm. For both PM2.5 and CO, levels measured in homes with plancha, lorena, or open fire were significantly higher than levels taken in the street or in homes using a gas stove. The Spearman correlation coefficient between PM2.5 and CO for all data combined was 0.81, and ranged from 0.30 for the lorena to 0.68 for the plancha in homes using wood-fueled stoves. Although indoor PM2.5 and CO levels were not significantly different between high- and low-density villages, street-level PM2.5 (p = 0.002) and CO (p= 0.002), were significantly higher in the high - density villages. These data provide a useful picture of the pollution levels coming from a range of cooking stoves in various levels ofdisrepair, as well as a representation of how outdoor particle mass and CO levels vary from high- versus low-density villages.
在危地马拉克萨尔特南戈附近的三个高密度村庄和四个低密度村庄，于早餐、午餐和晚餐期间对直径小于2.5微米的连续颗粒物（PM2.5）和一氧化碳（CO）进行了监测，以帮助评估该地区开展一项拟议的呼吸健康与炉灶干预研究的可行性。在七个村庄中的每个村庄的每一用餐时间，大约走访了15户家庭；总共走访了98户家庭，每户每餐的采样持续时间为2 - 3分钟。对于每个村庄，沿着村庄地图上从村庄一端到另一端的现有道路绘制一条线（横断面）；对横断面沿线的家庭以及家庭之间的室外地点进行了监测。虽然主要的炉灶类型是明火，但还经常观察到其他几种处于不同损坏程度的炉灶。使用明火（平均 = 5.31毫克/立方米；标准差 = 4.75毫克/立方米）或类似炉灶的家庭中观察到最高的室内PM2.5浓度，不过使用带烟囱的本地烧木柴炉灶“plancha”的家庭中，PM2.5测量值也超过了检测限13.8毫克/立方米。使用明火的家庭中也观察到最高的室内CO浓度（平均 = 22.9 ppm；标准差 = 28.1 ppm），最大测量值超过250 ppm。对于PM2.5和CO，使用“plancha”、“lorena”或明火的家庭中的测量水平显著高于街道上或使用燃气炉灶的家庭中的水平。所有数据合并后，PM2.5与CO之间的斯皮尔曼相关系数为0.81，在使用木柴炉灶的家庭中，“lorena”的相关系数为0.30，“plancha”的相关系数为0.68。虽然高密度和低密度村庄之间室内PM2.5和CO水平没有显著差异，但街道水平的PM2.5（p = 0.002）和CO（p = 0.002）在高密度村庄中显著更高。这些数据提供了一幅来自各种处于不同损坏程度的烹饪炉灶所产生的污染水平的有用图景，以及室外颗粒物质量和CO水平在高密度与低密度村庄之间如何变化的情况。
