Moehrle M
Department of Dermatology, University of Tuebingen, Germany.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Aug;33(8):1385-6. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200108000-00021.
Skin cancer is increasing worldwide and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is thought to be the most important environmental risk factor. People practicing outdoor sports are exposed to considerable amounts of UV radiation from the sun.
Three triathletes participated in the Ironman Triathlon World Championships 1999 in Hawaii (3.9-km swim, 180.2-km bike, 42.4-km run). They attached Bacillus subtilis spore film dosimeters (VioSpor) on the back between their shoulders. The dosimeter system measured cumulative biologically weighted erythemal UV exposure. UV exposure is given in minimal erythema doses (1 MED corresponds to 250 J x m(-2) at 298 nm).
The mean personal UV exposure was 8.3 MED (6.9--9.7 MED) after 8:43 to 9:44 h of competition corresponding to 0.8 to 1.3 MED x h(-1) (bike and run). The athletes were sunburned despite the use of water-resistant sunscreen (SPF 25+) on sun exposed skin.
The International Radiation Protection Agency has issued guidelines for professional UV exposure. Ironman triathletes considerably exceeded these limits of exposure similar to other outdoor sports. Professional and amateur athletes should be aware of hazards caused by UV radiation. Adequate protection by water-resistant sunscreens and clothing as well as training and competition schedules with low sun exposure seem to be a reasonable recommendation.
皮肤癌在全球范围内呈上升趋势，紫外线（UV）辐射被认为是最重要的环境风险因素。从事户外运动的人会受到大量来自太阳的紫外线辐射。
三名铁人三项运动员参加了1999年在夏威夷举行的铁人三项世界锦标赛（3.9公里游泳、180.2公里自行车、42.4公里跑步）。他们在双肩之间的背部贴上枯草芽孢杆菌孢子膜剂量计（VioSpor）。该剂量计系统测量累积生物加权红斑紫外线暴露量。紫外线暴露量以最小红斑剂量表示（1个最小红斑剂量对应于298纳米处250焦耳×平方米⁻²）。
比赛8小时43分钟至9小时44分钟后，个人平均紫外线暴露量为8.3个最小红斑剂量（6.9 - 9.7个最小红斑剂量），相当于0.8至1.3个最小红斑剂量×小时⁻¹（自行车和跑步阶段）。尽管在暴露于阳光下的皮肤上使用了防水防晒霜（防晒系数25+），运动员还是被晒伤了。
国际辐射防护机构已发布专业紫外线暴露指南。铁人三项运动员大大超过了这些暴露限值，与其他户外运动类似。职业和业余运动员都应意识到紫外线辐射带来的危害。使用防水防晒霜和衣物进行充分防护，以及安排低日照时段的训练和比赛日程似乎是合理的建议。
