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将生物多样性应用于保护规划的实际操作。

Operationalizing biodiversity for conservation planning.

作者信息

Sarkar Sahotra, Margules Chris

机构信息

Biodiversity and Biocultural Conservation Laboratory, Program in the History and Philosophy of Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78701, USA.

出版信息

J Biosci. 2002 Jul;27(4 Suppl 2):299-308. doi: 10.1007/BF02704961.

Abstract

Biodiversity has acquired such a general meaning that people now find it difficult to pin down a precise sense for planning and policy-making aimed at biodiversity conservation. Because biodiversity is rooted in place, the task of conserving biodiversity should target places for conservation action; and because all places contain biodiversity, but not all places can be targeted for action, places have to be prioritized. What is needed for this is a measure of the extent to which biodiversity varies from place to place. We do not need a precise measure of biodiversity to prioritize places. Relative estimates of similarity or difference can be derived using partial measures, or what have come to be called biodiversity surrogates. Biodiversity surrogates are supposed to stand in for general biodiversity in planning applications. We distinguish between true surrogates, those that might truly stand in for general biodiversity, and estimator surrogates, which have true surrogates as their target variable. For example, species richness has traditionally been the estimator surrogate for the true surrogate, species diversity. But species richness does not capture the differences in composition between places; the essence of biodiversity. Another measure, called complementarity, explicitly captures the differences between places as we iterate the process of place prioritization, starting with an initial place. The relative concept of biodiversity built into the definition of complementarity has the level of precision needed to undertake conservation planning.

摘要

生物多样性已具有如此宽泛的含义,以至于人们现在发现很难确定一个针对生物多样性保护的规划和决策的精确意义。由于生物多样性扎根于特定地点,保护生物多样性的任务应以实施保护行动的地点为目标;又因为所有地点都包含生物多样性,但并非所有地点都能成为行动目标,所以必须对地点进行优先排序。为此需要一种衡量生物多样性在不同地点间变化程度的方法。我们在对地点进行优先排序时并不需要对生物多样性进行精确测量。可以使用部分测量方法,即后来被称为生物多样性替代指标的方法,来得出相似性或差异的相对估计值。生物多样性替代指标在规划应用中被认为能够代表一般生物多样性。我们区分了真正的替代指标,即那些可能真正代表一般生物多样性的指标,以及估计替代指标,它们以真正的替代指标作为目标变量。例如,物种丰富度传统上一直是作为真正替代指标的物种多样性的估计替代指标。但物种丰富度并未体现出不同地点间在组成上的差异,而这正是生物多样性的本质。另一种称为互补性的测量方法,在我们从一个初始地点开始迭代地点优先排序过程时,明确体现了不同地点间的差异。纳入互补性定义中的生物多样性相对概念具备进行保护规划所需的精确程度。

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