Kielhorn Janet, Melber Christine, Keller Detlef, Mangelsdorf Inge
Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Drug Research and Clinical Inhalation, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2002 Oct;205(6):417-32. doi: 10.1078/1438-4639-00180.
Palladium is a metal the output and use of which has more than doubled in the past ten years. It is used in dental appliances, chemical catalysts, electrical appliances and jewelry, but the greatest increase in Pd demand has been in automotive emission control catalysts. Studies on Pd concentrations in ancient ice and recent snow samples reflect the increase in mining, smelting and use of palladium in the last decades. Increases of palladium in the environment have been shown in air and dust samples. There is no data as yet available to assess the effect of this exposure. A major source of health concern is the sensitization risk of Pd as very low doses are sufficient to cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals. Persons with known nickel allergy may be especially susceptible. Workers occupationally exposed to Pd include miners, dental technicians and chemical workers. The latter are exposed mainly to Pd salts several of which may cause primary skin and eye irritations. It is advised that persons with known Pd allergy should not work with Pd compounds. The general population may come into contact with palladium mainly through mucosal contact with dental restorations and jewelry containing palladium and possibly via emissions from Pd catalysts. Protection of the public from related adverse effects may be achieved by the use of alloys with high corrosion stability and thus minimal release of palladium. In general, in dental patients who are sensitive to Pd, restorations using Pd-containing materials should not be used although Pd has been used without allergic effects in some of these individuals. Further, those patients who have an allergy to nickel should be informed that use of Pd-containing dental materials may cause Pd allergy, though this risk appears to be low.
钯是一种金属，其产量和使用量在过去十年中增加了一倍多。它被用于牙科器具、化学催化剂、电器和珠宝，但钯需求增长最大的领域是汽车尾气排放控制催化剂。对古代冰和近期雪样本中钯浓度的研究反映了过去几十年中钯的开采、冶炼和使用的增加。空气和灰尘样本显示环境中钯含量有所增加。目前尚无数据评估这种暴露的影响。一个主要的健康问题是钯的致敏风险，因为极低剂量就足以使易感个体产生过敏反应。已知对镍过敏的人可能尤其易感。职业接触钯的工人包括矿工、牙科技术人员和化学工人。后者主要接触钯盐，其中几种可能会引起原发性皮肤和眼睛刺激。建议已知对钯过敏的人不要使用钯化合物。普通人群可能主要通过与含钯的牙科修复体和珠宝的黏膜接触以及可能通过钯催化剂的排放接触钯。通过使用具有高腐蚀稳定性从而钯释放量最小的合金，可以保护公众免受相关不良影响。一般来说，对于对钯敏感的牙科患者，不应使用含钯材料的修复体，尽管在一些此类个体中使用钯并未产生过敏反应。此外，那些对镍过敏的患者应被告知，使用含钯牙科材料可能会导致钯过敏，尽管这种风险似乎较低。
