Solnick J V, Rincover A, Peterson C R
J Appl Behav Anal. 1977 Fall;10(3):415-24. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1977.10-415.
Some determinants of the reinforcing and punishing properties of timeout were investigated in two experiments. Experiment I began as an attempt to reduce the frequency of tantrums in a 6-yr-old autistic girl by using timeout. Unexpectedly, the result was a substantial increase in the frequency of tantrums. Using a reversal design, subsequent manipulations showed that the opportunity to engage in self-stimulatory behavior during the timeout period was largely responsible for the increase in tantrums. Experiment II was initiated following the failure of timeout to reduce the spitting and self-injurious behavior of a 16-yr-old retarded boy. Using a multiple-baseline design, the nature of the timein environment was shown to be an important determinant of the effects of timeout. When the timein environment was "enriched", timeout was effective as a punisher. A conception of timeout in terms of the relative reinforcing properties of timein and timeout and their clinical implications are discussed.
在两项实验中研究了暂停（timeout）的强化和惩罚特性的一些决定因素。实验一最初试图通过使用暂停来减少一名6岁自闭症女孩发脾气的频率。出乎意料的是，结果是发脾气的频率大幅增加。采用反转设计，随后的操作表明，在暂停期间进行自我刺激行为的机会在很大程度上导致了发脾气频率的增加。实验二是在暂停未能减少一名16岁智障男孩的吐口水和自我伤害行为后开展的。采用多基线设计，结果表明活动期间环境的性质是暂停效果的一个重要决定因素。当活动期间环境“丰富”时，暂停作为一种惩罚是有效的。本文讨论了根据活动期间和暂停的相对强化特性对暂停的一种概念及其临床意义。
