Epstein Jonathan H, Field Hume E, Luby Stephen, Pulliam Juliet R C, Daszak Peter
The Consortium for Conservation Medicine, 460 West 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA.
Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2006 Jan;8(1):59-65. doi: 10.1007/s11908-006-0036-2.
Nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes severe febrile encephalitis resulting in death in 40% to 75% of human cases. Nipah virus is considered a biosafety level-4 pathogen and is listed as a select agent with high risk for public health and security due to its high mortality rate in people and the lack of effective vaccines or therapies. The natural reservoir for Nipah virus and related members of the genus Henipavirus are fruit bats of the genus Pteropus. Nipah virus emerged in Malaysia in 1998 as a porcine neurologic and respiratory disease that spread to humans who had contact with live, infected pigs. Research reviewed in this paper suggests that anthropogenic factors, including agricultural expansion and intensification, were the underlying causes of its emergence. Nipah virus has caused five subsequent outbreaks between 2001 and 2005 in Bangladesh. Here, it appears to have spilled over directly from bats to humans, and person-to-person transmission is evident suggesting a heightened public health risk.
尼帕病毒是一种新出现的人畜共患病原体，可引发严重的发热性脑炎，在40%至75%的人类病例中会导致死亡。尼帕病毒被视为生物安全4级病原体，因其在人类中的高死亡率以及缺乏有效的疫苗或治疗方法，被列为对公共卫生和安全构成高风险的特定病原体。尼帕病毒及亨尼帕病毒属的相关成员的天然宿主是狐蝠属的果蝠。1998年，尼帕病毒在马来西亚作为一种猪的神经和呼吸道疾病出现，并传播给了与活的感染猪接触的人类。本文所综述的研究表明，包括农业扩张和集约化在内的人为因素是其出现的根本原因。2001年至2005年间，尼帕病毒在孟加拉国又引发了五次疫情。在那里，它似乎是直接从蝙蝠传播给人类，而且人传人现象明显，这表明公共卫生风险加剧。
