Woods Institute of the Environment, Stanford University, Yang and Yamazaki Environment and Energy Building, Room 231, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
Antiviral Res. 2013 Oct;100(1):38-43. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.011. Epub 2013 Jul 30.
Nipah virus, a paramyxovirus whose wildlife reservoir is Pteropus bats, was first discovered in a large outbreak of acute encephalitis in Malaysia in 1998 among persons who had contact with sick pigs. Apparently, one or more pigs was infected from bats, and the virus then spread efficiently from pig to pig, then from pigs to people. Nipah virus outbreaks have been recognized nearly every year in Bangladesh since 2001 and occasionally in neighboring India. Outbreaks in Bangladesh and India have been characterized by frequent person-to-person transmission and the death of over 70% of infected people. Characteristics of Nipah virus that increase its risk of becoming a global pandemic include: humans are already susceptible; many strains are capable of limited person-to-person transmission; as an RNA virus, it has an exceptionally high rate of mutation: and that if a human-adapted strain were to infect communities in South Asia, high population densities and global interconnectedness would rapidly spread the infection. Appropriate steps to estimate and manage this risk include studies to explore the molecular and genetic basis of respiratory transmission of henipaviruses, improved surveillance for human infections, support from high-income countries to reduce the risk of person-to-person transmission of infectious agents in low-income health care settings, and consideration of vaccination in communities at ongoing risk of exposure to the secretions and excretions of Pteropus bats.
尼帕病毒是一种副黏液病毒，其野生动物宿主是果蝠。1998 年，马来西亚发生了一次大规模的急性脑炎疫情，首次发现了这种病毒。显然，有一只或多只猪从蝙蝠身上感染了这种病毒，然后病毒在猪群中高效传播，再从猪传播给人。自 2001 年以来，孟加拉国几乎每年都有尼帕病毒爆发，印度偶尔也会有爆发。孟加拉国和印度的疫情特点是经常发生人与人之间的传播，感染人群的死亡率超过 70%。尼帕病毒增加其成为全球大流行的风险的特征包括：人类已经易感；许多毒株能够有限地在人与人之间传播；作为一种 RNA 病毒，它的突变率非常高；如果一种适应人类的毒株感染南亚的社区，高人口密度和全球互联性将迅速传播感染。为了估计和管理这种风险，可以采取适当的措施，包括研究探索亨德拉尼帕病毒呼吸道传播的分子和遗传基础，加强对人类感染的监测，高收入国家支持减少在低收入卫生保健环境中传染性病原体在人与人之间传播的风险，以及考虑在持续面临果蝠分泌物和排泄物暴露风险的社区进行疫苗接种。
