Hoe F G H, Ruegg P L
Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.
J Dairy Sci. 2006 Jun;89(6):2297-308. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72301-3.
The objective of this study was to characterize opinions and practices of Wisconsin dairy producers about biosecurity and animal wellbeing. Wisconsin dairy producers were surveyed using a mailed questionnaire and responder herds were categorized based on the number of lactating cows: very small herds (< or =50 lactating cows; n = 279); small herds (51 to 100 lactating cows; n = 202); medium herds (101 to 200 lactating cows; n = 42); and large herds (>200 lactating cows; n = 37). Producers from large herds adopted more biosecurity practices than those from small herds, but biosecurity risks were common. Almost half of the responders indicated that they purchased cattle, but few (49.4%) performed diagnostic testing of those cattle. The frequency of diagnostic testing and examination of purchased cattle increased with herd size. Producers generally (80%) believed that they used the "right amount" of antibiotics, but the use of written treatment protocols increased with herd size. Producers from large and medium herds reported much higher usage of computerized (65.7 and 17.5%, respectively) and paper records (42.9 and 22.5%, respectively) compared with producers from smaller herds. Almost all (92.6%) believed that Johne's disease was an important issue for the dairy industry, but only 9% had enrolled in the official Wisconsin control program. Most producers (88.6%) believed that dehorning caused at least a small amount of pain, but the majority (81%) did not use local anesthetics. Producers minimized risks with which they were most familiar. Drinking raw milk was not considered a human health risk by almost half the responders, whereas bovine spongiform encephalopathy was considered "no risk" to only 37%. Raw milk was consumed by more than 60%, but regular consumption of raw milk decreased from 47.7% (very small herds) to 24.3% (large herds); perception of the risk of raw milk increased from 46.2% (very small herds) to 56.8% (large herds) with herd size. Larger farms had more knowledge of personal health risks related to zoonotic pathogens. Overall, most management practices were associated with herd size, but many beliefs regarding important dairy farm issues were consistent.
本研究的目的是描述威斯康星州奶牛养殖户关于生物安全和动物福利的观点及做法。通过邮寄问卷对威斯康星州的奶牛养殖户进行了调查，并根据泌乳奶牛数量对回应的牛群进行了分类：极小牛群（≤50头泌乳奶牛；n = 279）；小牛群（51至100头泌乳奶牛；n = 202）；中等牛群（101至200头泌乳奶牛；n = 42）；以及大牛群（>200头泌乳奶牛；n = 37）。大牛群的养殖户比小牛群的养殖户采取了更多的生物安全措施，但生物安全风险普遍存在。几乎一半的回应者表示他们购买过牛，但只有少数（49.4%）对所购牛只进行了诊断检测。对所购牛只进行诊断检测和检查的频率随牛群规模的增大而增加。养殖户普遍（80%）认为他们使用了“适量”的抗生素，但书面治疗方案的使用随牛群规模的增大而增加。与较小牛群的养殖户相比，大牛群和中等牛群的养殖户报告称，使用计算机化记录（分别为65.7%和17.5%）和纸质记录（分别为42.9%和22.5%）的比例要高得多。几乎所有（92.6%）的养殖户都认为副结核病是奶牛养殖业的一个重要问题，但只有9%的养殖户参加了威斯康星州的官方防控计划。大多数养殖户（88.6%）认为去角至少会造成一点疼痛，但大多数（81%）没有使用局部麻醉剂。养殖户将他们最熟悉的风险降至最低。近一半的回应者认为饮用生牛奶不会对人类健康构成风险，而认为牛海绵状脑病“无风险”的比例仅为37%。超过60%的人饮用生牛奶，但经常饮用生牛奶的比例从极小牛群的47.7%降至大牛群的24.3%；随着牛群规模的增大，认为生牛奶有风险的比例从极小牛群的46.2%升至大牛群的56.8%。较大的农场对人畜共患病原体相关的个人健康风险了解更多。总体而言，大多数管理做法与牛群规模有关，但许多关于奶牛场重要问题的看法是一致的。
