Bouville André, Chumak Vadim V, Inskip Peter D, Kryuchkov Viktor, Luckyanov Nickolas
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Radiat Res. 2006 Jul;166(1 Pt 2):158-67. doi: 10.1667/RR3370.1.
During the first day after the explosion, the Chornobyl accident of April 26, 1986 exposed a few hundred emergency workers to high dose levels ranging up to 16 Gy, resulting in acute radiation syndrome. Subsequently, several hundred thousand cleanup workers were sent to the Chornobyl power plant to mitigate the consequences of the accident. Depending on the nature of the work to be carried out, the cleanup workers were sent for periods ranging from several minutes to several months. The average dose from external radiation exposure that was received by the cleanup workers was about 170 mGy in 1986 and decreased from year to year. The radiation exposure was mainly due to external irradiation from gamma-ray-emitting radionuclides and was relatively homogeneous over all organs and tissues of the body. To assess the possible health consequences of external irradiation at relatively low dose rates, the U.S. National Cancer Institute is involved in two studies of Chornobyl cleanup workers: (1) a study of cancer incidence and thyroid disease among Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian workers, and (2) a study of leukemia and other related blood diseases among Ukrainian workers. After an overview of the sources of exposure and of the radiation doses received by the cleanup workers, a description of the efforts made to estimate individual doses in the Baltic and Ukrainian studies is presented.
1986年4月26日切尔诺贝利事故发生后的第一天，几百名应急工作人员遭受了高达16戈瑞的高剂量辐射，导致急性放射病。随后，几十万清理工作人员被派往切尔诺贝利核电站，以减轻事故后果。根据要开展的工作性质，清理工作人员被派遣的时间从几分钟到几个月不等。1986年，清理工作人员受到的外部辐射平均剂量约为170毫戈瑞，且逐年下降。辐射暴露主要源于发射伽马射线的放射性核素的外部照射，且在身体的所有器官和组织中相对均匀。为评估相对低剂量率下外部照射可能产生的健康后果，美国国家癌症研究所参与了两项针对切尔诺贝利清理工作人员的研究：（1）一项关于爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚和立陶宛工作人员的癌症发病率和甲状腺疾病的研究；（2）一项关于乌克兰工作人员的白血病及其他相关血液疾病的研究。在概述了清理工作人员的暴露源和所接受的辐射剂量之后，本文介绍了在波罗的海地区和乌克兰的研究中为估算个人剂量所做的努力。
