Lane J M
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2006;304:17-29. doi: 10.1007/3-540-36583-4_2.
The Smallpox Eradication Program, initiated by the WHO in 1966, was originally based on mass vaccination. The program emphasized surveillance from the beginning, largely to track the success of the program and further our understanding of the epidemiology of the disease. Early observations in West Africa, bolstered by later data from Indonesia and the Asian subcontinent, showed that smallpox did not spread rapidly, and outbreaks could be quickly controlled by isolation of patients and vaccination of their contacts. Contacts were usually easy to find because transmission of smallpox usually required prolonged face-to-face contact. The emphasis therefore shifted to active searches to find cases, coupled with contact tracing, rigorous isolation of patients, and vaccination and surveillance of contacts to contain outbreaks. This shift away from mass vaccination resulted in an acceleration of the program's success.
世界卫生组织于1966年发起的天花根除计划最初基于大规模疫苗接种。该计划从一开始就强调监测，主要是为了跟踪计划的成效，并加深我们对该疾病流行病学的了解。西非的早期观察结果，再加上后来来自印度尼西亚和亚洲次大陆的数据支持，表明天花传播并不迅速，通过隔离患者及其接触者可以迅速控制疫情爆发。由于天花传播通常需要长时间的面对面接触，所以接触者通常很容易找到。因此，重点转向积极搜索病例，同时进行接触者追踪、严格隔离患者以及对接触者进行疫苗接种和监测以控制疫情爆发。这种从大规模疫苗接种的转变加速了该计划的成功。
