Sabater-Vilar Monica, Malekinejad Hassan, Selman M H J, van der Doelen M A M, Fink-Gremmels Johanna
Department of Veterinary, Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, P.O. Box 80.152, 3508, TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Mycopathologia. 2007 Feb;163(2):81-90. doi: 10.1007/s11046-007-0093-6. Epub 2007 Feb 10.
The high prevalence of the Fusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) in animal feeds in mild climatic zones of Europe and North America results in considerable economic losses, as these toxins affect health and productivity particularly of pigs from all age groups. The use of mycotoxin adsorbents as feed additives is one of the most prominent approaches to reduce the risk for mycotoxicoses in farm animals, and to minimise carry-over of mycotoxins from contaminated feeds into foods of animal origin. Successful aflatoxin adsorption by means of different substances (phyllosilicate minerals, zeolites, activated charcoal, synthetic resins or yeast cell-wall-derived products) has been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. However, attempts to adsorb DON and ZON have been less encouraging. Here we describe the adsorption capacity of a variety of potential binders, including compounds that have not been evaluated before, such as humic acids. All compounds were tested at realistic inclusion levels for their capacity to bind ZON and DON, using an in vitro method that resembles the different pH conditions in the gastro-intestinal tract of pigs. Mycotoxin adsorption was assessed by chemical methods and distinct bioassays, using specific markers of toxicity as endpoints of toxicity in cytological assays. Whereas none of the tested substances was able to bind DON in an appreciable percentage, some of the selected smectite clays, humic substances and yeast-wall derived products efficiently adsorbed ZON (>70%). Binding efficiency was indirectly confirmed by the reduction of toxicity in the in vitro bioassays. In conclusion, the presented test protocol allows the rapid screening of potential mycotoxin binders. Like other in vitro assays, the presented protocol combining chemical and biological assays cannot completely simulate the conditions of the gastro-intestinal tract, and hence in vivo experiments remain mandatory to assess the efficacy of mycotoxin binders under practical conditions.
在欧洲和北美的温和气候区，动物饲料中镰刀菌属霉菌毒素——脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）和玉米赤霉烯酮（ZON）的高流行率导致了相当大的经济损失，因为这些毒素尤其会影响所有年龄段猪的健康和生产力。使用霉菌毒素吸附剂作为饲料添加剂是降低农场动物霉菌毒素中毒风险、并尽量减少霉菌毒素从受污染饲料转移至动物源性食品中的最主要方法之一。已在体内和体外证实了借助不同物质（层状硅酸盐矿物、沸石、活性炭、合成树脂或酵母细胞壁衍生产品）对黄曲霉毒素的成功吸附。然而，吸附DON和ZON的尝试却不那么令人鼓舞。在此，我们描述了多种潜在吸附剂的吸附能力，包括一些以前未评估过的化合物，如腐殖酸。使用一种类似于猪胃肠道不同pH条件的体外方法，在实际添加水平下测试了所有化合物结合ZON和DON的能力。通过化学方法和独特的生物测定评估霉菌毒素吸附情况，在细胞学测定中使用特定的毒性标志物作为毒性终点。尽管所测试的物质均不能以可观的百分比结合DON，但一些选定的蒙脱石粘土、腐殖质和酵母壁衍生产品能有效吸附ZON（>70%）。体外生物测定中毒性的降低间接证实了结合效率。总之，所提出的测试方案能够快速筛选潜在的霉菌毒素吸附剂。与其他体外测定一样，所提出的结合化学和生物测定的方案不能完全模拟胃肠道条件，因此仍需进行体内实验以评估霉菌毒素吸附剂在实际条件下的功效。
