Netherton Christopher, Moffat Katy, Brooks Elizabeth, Wileman Thomas
Vaccinology Group, Pirbright Laboratories, Institute for Animal Health, Surrey, United Kingdom.
Adv Virus Res. 2007;70:101-82. doi: 10.1016/S0065-3527(07)70004-0.
Virus replication can cause extensive rearrangement of host cell cytoskeletal and membrane compartments leading to the "cytopathic effect" that has been the hallmark of virus infection in tissue culture for many years. Recent studies are beginning to redefine these signs of viral infection in terms of specific effects of viruses on cellular processes. In this chapter, these concepts have been illustrated by describing the replication sites produced by many different viruses. In many cases, the cellular rearrangements caused during virus infection lead to the construction of sophisticated platforms in the cell that concentrate replicase proteins, virus genomes, and host proteins required for replication, and thereby increase the efficiency of replication. Interestingly, these same structures, called virus factories, virus inclusions, or virosomes, can recruit host components that are associated with cellular defences against infection and cell stress. It is possible that cellular defence pathways can be subverted by viruses to generate sites of replication. The recruitment of cellular membranes and cytoskeleton to generate virus replication sites can also benefit viruses in other ways. Disruption of cellular membranes can, for example, slow the transport of immunomodulatory proteins to the surface of infected cells and protect against innate and acquired immune responses, and rearrangements to cytoskeleton can facilitate virus release.
病毒复制可导致宿主细胞细胞骨架和膜区室的广泛重排，从而产生“细胞病变效应”，多年来这一直是组织培养中病毒感染的标志。最近的研究开始根据病毒对细胞过程的特定影响来重新定义这些病毒感染迹象。在本章中，通过描述许多不同病毒产生的复制位点来说明这些概念。在许多情况下，病毒感染期间引起的细胞重排会导致在细胞内构建复杂的平台，这些平台会聚集复制酶蛋白、病毒基因组和复制所需的宿主蛋白，从而提高复制效率。有趣的是，这些相同的结构，称为病毒工厂、病毒包涵体或病毒体，可以招募与细胞抗感染防御和细胞应激相关的宿主成分。病毒有可能颠覆细胞防御途径以产生复制位点。募集细胞膜和细胞骨架以产生病毒复制位点也可以通过其他方式使病毒受益。例如，细胞膜的破坏可以减缓免疫调节蛋白向感染细胞表面的运输，并抵御先天和后天免疫反应，而细胞骨架的重排可以促进病毒释放。
