Gigerenzer Gerd, Hoffrage Ulrich, Goldstein Daniel G
Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
Psychol Rev. 2008 Jan;115(1):230-9. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.115.1.230.
M. R. Dougherty, A. M. Franco-Watkins, and R. Thomas (2008) conjectured that fast and frugal heuristics need an automatic frequency counter for ordering cues. In fact, only a few heuristics order cues, and these orderings can arise from evolutionary, social, or individual learning, none of which requires automatic frequency counting. The idea that cue validities cannot be computed because memory does not encode missing information is misinformed; it implies that measures of co-occurrence are incomputable and would invalidate most theories of cue learning. They also questioned the recognition heuristic's psychological plausibility on the basis of their belief that it has not been implemented in a memory model, although it actually has been implemented in ACT-R (L. J. Schooler & R. Hertwig, 2005). On the positive side, M. R. Dougherty et al. discovered a new mechanism for a less-is-more effect. The authors of the present article specify minimal criteria for psychological plausibility, describe some genuine challenges in the study of heuristics, and conclude that fast and frugal heuristics are psychologically plausible: They use limited search and are tractable and robust.
M. R. 多尔蒂、A. M. 佛朗哥 - 沃特金斯和R. 托马斯（2008年）推测，快速节俭启发式需要一个自动频率计数器来对线索进行排序。事实上，只有少数启发式会对线索进行排序，而且这些排序可能源于进化、社会或个体学习，其中没有一种需要自动频率计数。那种认为由于记忆没有编码缺失信息所以线索效度无法计算的观点是错误的；这意味着共现度量是不可计算的，并且会使大多数线索学习理论无效。他们还基于认为识别启发式尚未在记忆模型中实现这一信念，质疑了其心理合理性，尽管它实际上已经在ACT - R中得以实现（L. J. 斯库勒和R. 赫特维希，2005年）。积极的一面是，M. R. 多尔蒂等人发现了一种少即是多效应的新机制。本文作者明确了心理合理性的最低标准，描述了启发式研究中的一些真正挑战，并得出结论：快速节俭启发式在心理上是合理的：它们使用有限搜索，易于处理且稳健。
