MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Tissue Regeneration, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2010 Mar;4(3):165-80. doi: 10.1002/term.234.
Various cell types have been investigated as candidate cell sources for cartilage and bone tissue engineering. In this review, we focused on chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their potential in cartilage and bone tissue engineering. A decade ago, mouse ESCs were first used as a model to study cartilage and bone development and essential genes, factors and conditions for chondrogenesis and osteogenesis were unravelled. This knowledge, combined with data from the differentiation of adult stem cells, led to successful chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mouse ESCs and later also human ESCs. Next, researchers focused on the use of ESCs for skeletal tissue engineering. Cartilage and bone tissue was formed in vivo using ESCs. However, the amount, homogeneity and stability of the cartilage and bone formed were still insufficient for clinical application. The current protocols require improvement not only in differentiation efficiency but also in ESC-specific hurdles, such as tumourigenicity and immunorejection. In addition, some of the general tissue engineering challenges, such as cell seeding and nutrient limitation in larger constructs, will also apply for ESCs. In conclusion, there are still many challenges, but there is potential for ESCs in skeletal tissue engineering.
各种细胞类型已被研究作为软骨和骨组织工程的候选细胞来源。在这篇综述中，我们专注于鼠和人胚胎干细胞（ESCs）的软骨和成骨分化及其在软骨和骨组织工程中的潜力。十年前，鼠 ESCs 首次被用作研究软骨和骨发育的模型，并揭示了软骨形成和成骨所必需的基因、因子和条件。这些知识，结合来自成体干细胞分化的数据，导致了鼠 ESCs 以及后来的人 ESCs 的成功软骨和成骨分化。接下来，研究人员专注于将 ESCs 用于骨骼组织工程。使用 ESCs 在体内形成软骨和骨。然而，形成的软骨和骨的数量、均一性和稳定性仍然不足以满足临床应用的需要。目前的方案不仅需要提高分化效率，还需要克服 ESC 特有的障碍，如致瘤性和免疫排斥。此外，一些一般的组织工程挑战，如较大构建体中的细胞接种和营养限制，也将适用于 ESCs。总之，仍然存在许多挑战，但 ESCs 在骨骼组织工程中有很大的潜力。
