Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Feb;76(4):1028-33. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01342-09. Epub 2009 Dec 18.
Inactivation of infectious viruses during drinking water treatment is usually achieved with free chlorine. Many drinking water utilities in the United States now use monochloramine as a secondary disinfectant to minimize disinfectant by-product formation and biofilm growth. The inactivation of human adenoviruses 2, 40, and 41 (HAdV2, HAdV40, and HAdV41), coxsackieviruses B3 and B5 (CVB3 and CVB5), echoviruses 1 and 11 (E1 and E11), and murine norovirus (MNV) are compared in this study. Experiments were performed with 0.2 mg of free chlorine or 1 mg of monochloramine/liter at pH 7 and 8 in buffered reagent-grade water at 5 degrees C. CT values (disinfectant concentration x time) for 2- to 4-log(10) (99 to 99.99%) reductions in virus titers were calculated by using the efficiency factor Hom model. The enteroviruses required the longest times for chlorine inactivation and MNV the least time. CVB5 required the longest exposure time, with CT values of 7.4 and 10 mg x min/liter (pH 7 and 8) for 4-log(10) inactivation. Monochloramine disinfection was most effective for E1 (CT values ranged from 8 to 18 mg x min/liter for 2- and 3-log(10) reductions, respectively). E11 and HAdV2 were the least susceptible to monochloramine disinfection (CT values of 1,300 and 1,600 mg-min/liter for 3-log(10) reductions, respectively). Monochloramine inactivation was most successful for the adenoviruses, CVB5, and E1 at pH 7. A greater variation in inactivation rates between viruses was observed during monochloramine disinfection than during chlorine disinfection. These data will be useful in drinking water risk assessment studies and disinfection system planning.
在饮用水处理过程中，通常使用游离氯来灭活传染性病毒。美国许多饮用水厂现在使用一氯胺作为二级消毒剂，以尽量减少消毒剂副产物的形成和生物膜的生长。本研究比较了人腺病毒 2、40 和 41（HAdV2、HAdV40 和 HAdV41）、柯萨奇病毒 B3 和 B5（CVB3 和 CVB5）、埃可病毒 1 和 11（E1 和 E11）以及鼠诺如病毒（MNV）的灭活情况。实验在 pH 值为 7 和 8 的缓冲试剂级水中，以 5°C 的条件下，用 0.2mg 游离氯或 1mg 一氯胺/升进行。使用效率因子 Hom 模型计算出病毒滴度降低 2-4 对数（99%至 99.99%）的氯消毒剂 CT 值（消毒剂浓度 x 时间）。肠道病毒需要最长的氯灭活时间，而 MNV 需要的时间最短。CVB5 需要最长的暴露时间，在 pH 值为 7 和 8 时，4 对数（10）灭活的 CT 值分别为 7.4 和 10mg×min/L。一氯胺消毒对 E1 最有效（2-和 3-对数（10）降低的 CT 值范围分别为 8 至 18mg×min/L）。E11 和 HAdV2 对一氯胺消毒的抵抗力最低（3 对数（10）降低的 CT 值分别为 1300 和 1600mg-min/L）。一氯胺在 pH 值为 7 时对腺病毒、CVB5 和 E1 的灭活最为成功。在一氯胺消毒过程中，病毒之间的灭活率变化比在氯消毒过程中更大。这些数据将有助于饮用水风险评估研究和消毒系统规划。
