Barr Dana Boyd, Olsson Anders O, Wong Lee-Yang, Udunka Simeon, Baker Samuel E, Whitehead Ralph D, Magsumbol Melina S, Williams Bryan L, Needham Larry L
National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Jun;118(6):742-8. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901275. Epub 2010 Feb 3.
Pyrethroid insecticides are the most commonly used residential insecticides in the United States.
Our objective was to assess human exposure via biomonitoring to pyrethroid insecticides in a representative sample of the general U.S. population >or= 6 years of age.
By using isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray chemical ionization/tandem mass spectrometry, we measured five urinary metabolites of pyrethroid insecticides in 5,046 samples collected as a part of the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Univariate, multivariate, and Pearson correlation analyses were performed using SUDAAN and SAS software, incorporating the appropriate sample weights into the analyses. Multivariate analyses included age, sex, race/ethnicity, creatinine, fasting status, and urine collection time as covariates.
We detected 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3PBA), a metabolite common to many pyrethroid insecticides, in more than 70% of the samples. The least-squares geometric mean (LSGM) concentration (corrected for covariates) of 3PBA and the frequency of detection increased from 1999-2000 (0.292 ng/mL) to 2001-2002 (0.318 ng/mL) but not significantly. Non-Hispanic blacks had significantly higher LSGM 3PBA concentrations than did non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans in the 2001-2002 survey period and in the combined 4-year survey periods but not in the 1999-2000 survey period. Children had significantly higher LSGM concentrations of 3PBA than did adolescents in both NHANES periods and than adults in NHANES 1999-2000. Cis- and trans-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid were highly correlated with each other and with 3PBA, suggesting that urinary 3PBA was derived primarily from exposure to permethrin, cypermethrin, or their degradates.
Pyrethroid insecticide exposure in the U.S. population is widespread, and the presence of its metabolites in the urine of U.S. residents indicates that children may have higher exposures than adolescents and adults.
拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂是美国最常用的家用杀虫剂。
我们的目标是通过生物监测评估年龄≥6岁的美国普通人群代表性样本中拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的人体暴露情况。
我们使用同位素稀释高效液相色谱/电喷雾化学电离/串联质谱法，在作为1999 - 2002年国家健康与营养检查调查（NHANES）一部分收集的5046份样本中，测量了拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的五种尿液代谢物。使用SUDAAN和SAS软件进行单变量、多变量和Pearson相关分析，并将适当的样本权重纳入分析。多变量分析将年龄、性别、种族/族裔、肌酐、空腹状态和尿液收集时间作为协变量。
我们在超过70%的样本中检测到3 - 苯氧基苯甲酸（3PBA），它是许多拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的常见代谢物。3PBA的最小二乘几何均值（LSGM）浓度（经协变量校正）以及检测频率从1999 - 2000年（0.292 ng/mL）增加到2001 - 2002年（0.318 ng/mL），但增幅不显著。在2001 - 2002年调查期以及4年综合调查期内，非西班牙裔黑人的3PBA LSGM浓度显著高于非西班牙裔白人和墨西哥裔美国人，但在1999 - 2000年调查期并非如此。在两个NHANES时期，儿童的3PBA LSGM浓度均显著高于青少年，在1999 - 2000年NHANES时期，儿童的3PBA LSGM浓度显著高于成年人。顺式和反式 -（2,2 - 二氯乙烯基）- 2,2 - 二甲基环丙烷 - 1 - 羧酸彼此高度相关，且与3PBA高度相关，这表明尿液中的3PBA主要源自对氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯或其降解产物的暴露。
美国人群中拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂暴露广泛，其代谢物在美国居民尿液中的存在表明儿童的暴露量可能高于青少年和成年人。
