MACP, Section of Vascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 Jun;85(6):552-9. doi: 10.4065/mcp.2009.0586.
Nutcracker phenomenon refers to compression of the left renal vein, most commonly between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, with impaired blood outflow often accompanied by distention of the distal portion of the vein. The nutcracker syndrome (NCS) is the clinical equivalent of nutcracker phenomenon characterized by a complex of symptoms with substantial variations. Depending on specific manifestations, NCS may be encountered by different medical specialists. Although it may be associated with substantial morbidity, the diagnosis of NCS is often difficult and is commonly delayed. Diagnostic and treatment criteria are not well established, and the natural history of NCS is not well understood. We performed an initial review of the literature through MEDLINE, searching from 1950 to date and using the keywords nutcracker syndrome, nutcracker phenomenon, and renal vein entrapment. We performed additional reviews based on the literature citations of the identified articles. We attempted to elucidate clinical relevance of these conditions and their prominent features and to summarize professional experience.
胡桃夹现象是指左肾静脉受压，最常见于主动脉和肠系膜上动脉之间，常伴有静脉远端扩张的血液流出受阻。胡桃夹综合征（NCS）是胡桃夹现象的临床等效物，其特征是症状复杂且变化较大。根据具体表现，不同的医学专家可能会遇到 NCS。尽管它可能与实质性发病率相关，但 NCS 的诊断通常很困难且常常被延迟。诊断和治疗标准尚未建立，NCS 的自然病程也不了解。我们通过 MEDLINE 进行了初步的文献回顾，从 1950 年至今进行了搜索，并使用了关键词胡桃夹综合征、胡桃夹现象和肾静脉受压。我们根据确定的文章的文献引文进行了其他的回顾。我们试图阐明这些疾病的临床相关性及其突出特征，并总结专业经验。
