Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3 Canada.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2011;62:243-69. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131650.
Children learn moral values and social conventions through a process of socialization, much of which involves parenting. The process is bidirectional and involves a complex interplay between evolutionary predispositions and genetic and socio-cultural factors. Children's perception of, or assignment of meaning to, parenting interventions is central. Socialization occurs in different domains marked by different aspects of the parent-child relationship and different underlying mechanisms. Each domain requires different parenting actions that must be matched to the domain in which the child is operating and that result in different outcomes for the child. The domains include protection, mutual reciprocity, control, guided learning, and group participation, and are assumed to be operative in all cultures. The review concludes that children need to experience their parents as supportive and understanding, that they need structure, and that they need to feel they have some degree of control over their own actions.
儿童通过社会化过程学习道德价值观和社会规范，其中大部分涉及育儿。这个过程是双向的，涉及到进化倾向以及遗传和社会文化因素之间的复杂相互作用。儿童对育儿干预的感知或意义赋予是核心。社会化发生在不同的领域，这些领域以亲子关系的不同方面和不同的潜在机制为标志。每个领域都需要不同的育儿行动，这些行动必须与儿童所处的领域相匹配，并为儿童带来不同的结果。这些领域包括保护、相互互惠、控制、引导学习和群体参与，并且被认为在所有文化中都存在。综述的结论是，儿童需要体验到父母的支持和理解，他们需要结构，并且需要感到自己对自己的行为有一定程度的控制。
