Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, California 94612, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Jun;119(6):878-85. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1002727. Epub 2011 Jan 14.
Exposure to chemicals during fetal development can increase the risk of adverse health effects, and while biomonitoring studies suggest pregnant women are exposed to chemicals, little is known about the extent of multiple chemicals exposures among pregnant women in the United States.
We analyzed biomonitoring data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) to characterize both individual and multiple chemical exposures in U.S. pregnant women.
We analyzed data for 163 chemical analytes in 12 chemical classes for subsamples of 268 pregnant women from NHANES 2003-2004, a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population. For each chemical analyte, we calculated descriptive statistics. We calculated the number of chemicals detected within the following chemical classes: polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), organochlorine pesticides, and phthalates and across multiple chemical classes. We compared chemical analyte concentrations for pregnant and nonpregnant women using least-squares geometric means, adjusting for demographic and physiological covariates.
The percentage of pregnant women with detectable levels of an individual chemical ranged from 0 to 100%. Certain polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, PFCs, phenols, PBDEs, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and perchlorate were detected in 99-100% of pregnant women. The median number of detected chemicals by chemical class ranged from 4 of 12 PFCs to 9 of 13 phthalates. Across chemical classes, median number ranged from 8 of 17 chemical analytes to 50 of 71 chemical analytes. We found, generally, that levels in pregnant women were similar to or lower than levels in nonpregnant women; adjustment for covariates tended to increase levels in pregnant women compared with nonpregnant women.
Pregnant women in the U.S. are exposed to multiple chemicals. Further efforts are warranted to understand sources of exposure and implications for policy making.
胎儿发育过程中接触化学物质会增加不良健康影响的风险，尽管生物监测研究表明孕妇接触化学物质，但对于美国孕妇接触多种化学物质的程度知之甚少。
我们分析了来自国家健康和营养调查（NHANES）的生物监测数据，以描述美国孕妇的个体和多种化学物质暴露情况。
我们分析了来自 NHANES 2003-2004 年的 268 名孕妇亚样本中 12 类化学物质的 163 种化学分析物的数据，这是美国人口的全国代表性样本。对于每种化学分析物，我们计算了描述性统计数据。我们计算了以下化学物质类别中检测到的化学物质数量：多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）、全氟化合物（PFCs）、有机氯农药和邻苯二甲酸酯，以及跨多个化学物质类别。我们使用最小二乘法几何平均值比较了孕妇和非孕妇的化学分析物浓度，调整了人口统计学和生理协变量。
孕妇个体化学物质可检测水平的百分比范围为 0 至 100%。某些多氯联苯、有机氯农药、PFCs、酚类、PBDEs、邻苯二甲酸酯、多环芳烃和高氯酸盐在 99-100%的孕妇中被检测到。按化学物质类别计算的可检测化学物质中位数范围从 12 种 PFCs 中的 4 种到 13 种邻苯二甲酸酯中的 9 种。跨化学物质类别，中位数范围从 17 种化学分析物中的 8 种到 71 种化学分析物中的 50 种。我们发现，一般来说，孕妇体内的水平与非孕妇体内的水平相似或更低；与非孕妇相比，调整协变量往往会增加孕妇体内的水平。
美国孕妇接触多种化学物质。需要进一步努力了解暴露源及其对政策制定的影响。
