Lizzi Center for Biomedical Engineering, Riverside Research Institute, New York, NY 10038, USA.
Semin Oncol. 2011 Feb;38(1):136-50. doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2010.11.006.
Ultrasound is a relatively inexpensive, portable, and versatile imaging modality that has a broad range of clinical uses. It incorporates many imaging modes, such as conventional gray-scale "B-mode" imaging to display echo amplitude in a scanned plane; M-mode imaging to track motion at a given fixed location over time; duplex, color, and power Doppler imaging to display motion in a scanned plane; harmonic imaging to display nonlinear responses to incident ultrasound; elastographic imaging to display relative tissue stiffness; and contrast-agent imaging with simple contrast agents to display blood-filled spaces or with targeted agents to display specific agent-binding tissue types. These imaging modes have been well described in the scientific, engineering, and clinical literature. A less well-known ultrasonic imaging technology is based on quantitative ultrasound (QUS), which analyzes the distribution of power as a function of frequency in the original received echo signals from tissue and exploits the resulting spectral parameters to characterize and distinguish among tissues. This article discusses the attributes of QUS-based methods for imaging cancers and providing improved means of detecting and assessing tumors. The discussion will include applications to imaging primary prostate cancer and metastatic cancer in lymph nodes to illustrate the methods.
超声是一种相对廉价、便携且用途广泛的成像方式，具有广泛的临床应用。它包含多种成像模式，如常规的灰度“B 模式”成像，用于显示扫描平面内的回波幅度；M 模式成像，用于随时间跟踪给定固定位置的运动；双工、彩色和功率多普勒成像，用于显示扫描平面内的运动；谐波成像，用于显示对入射超声的非线性响应；弹性成像，用于显示相对组织硬度；以及简单的对比剂造影成像，用于显示充满血液的空间，或使用靶向剂显示特定的结合组织类型。这些成像模式在科学、工程和临床文献中已有很好的描述。一种不太为人知的超声成像技术是基于定量超声（QUS）的，它分析组织原始接收回波信号中随频率分布的功率，并利用所得的频谱参数来对组织进行特征描述和区分。本文讨论了基于 QUS 的癌症成像方法的特性，并提供了改进的肿瘤检测和评估方法。讨论将包括应用于原发性前列腺癌和淋巴结转移癌的成像，以说明这些方法。
