Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2011 Sep;14(3):251-301. doi: 10.1007/s10567-011-0093-4.
Accounting for both bidirectional and interactive effects between parenting and child temperament can fine-tune theoretical models of the role of parenting and temperament in children's development of adjustment problems. Evidence for bidirectional and interactive effects between parenting and children's characteristics of frustration, fear, self-regulation, and impulsivity was reviewed, and an overall model of children's individual differences in response to parenting is proposed. In general, children high in frustration, impulsivity and low in effortful control are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of negative parenting, while in turn, many negative parenting behaviors predict increases in these characteristics. Frustration, fearfulness, and effortful control also appear to elicit parenting behaviors that can predict increases in these characteristics. Irritability renders children more susceptible to negative parenting behaviors. Fearfulness operates in a very complex manner, sometimes increasing children's responses to parenting behaviors and sometimes mitigating them and apparently operating differently across gender. Important directions for future research include the use of study designs and analytic approaches that account for the direction of effects and for developmental changes in parenting and temperament over time.
同时考虑教养和儿童气质之间的双向和交互作用，可以微调教养和气质在儿童适应问题发展中作用的理论模型。本文回顾了教养和儿童挫折感、恐惧、自我调节和冲动特质之间的双向和交互作用的证据，并提出了一个儿童对教养反应个体差异的综合模型。一般来说，挫折感高、冲动性高、努力控制能力低的儿童更容易受到消极教养的不利影响，而反过来，许多消极教养行为则预示着这些特征的增加。挫折感、恐惧和努力控制能力似乎也会引发可以预测这些特征增加的教养行为。易怒使儿童更容易受到消极教养行为的影响。恐惧以非常复杂的方式运作，有时会增加儿童对教养行为的反应，有时则会减轻这些反应，而且显然在性别之间存在差异。未来研究的重要方向包括使用研究设计和分析方法，这些方法要能够说明效应的方向，以及教养和气质随时间的发展变化。
