Primary care research unit of La Alamedilla Health Center, Castilla y León Health Service- SACYL, Salamanca, Spain.
BMC Neurol. 2011 Nov 17;11:147. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-147.
Few data are available on the prevalence of cognitive impairment (CI) in Spain, and the existing information shows important variations depending on the geographical setting and the methodology employed. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CI in individuals aged over 65 in an urban area, and to analyze its associated risk factors.
A descriptive, cross-sectional, home questionnaire-based study;
Populational, urban setting.
The reference population comprised over-65s living in the city of Salamanca (Spain) in 2009. Randomized sampling stratified according to health district was carried out, and a total of 480 people were selected. In all, 327 patients were interviewed (68.10%), with a mean age of 76.35 years (SD: 7.33). Women accounted for 64.5% of the total.
A home health questionnaire was used to obtain the following data: age, sex, educational level, family structure, morbidity and functionality. All participants completed a neuropsychological test battery. The prevalence data were compared with those of the European population, with direct adjustment for age and sex. Diagnoses were divided into three general categories: normal cognitive function, cognitive impairment - no dementia (CIND), and dementia.
The prevalence of CI among these over-65s was 19% (14.7% CIND and 4.3% dementia). The age-and sex-adjusted global prevalence of CI was 14.9%. CI increased with age (p < 0.001) and decreased with increasing educational level (p < 0.001). Significant risk factors were found with the multivariate analyses: age (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.03-1.12), anxiety-depression (OR = 3.47, 95%CI: 1.61-7.51) and diabetes (OR = 2.07, 95%CI: 1.02-4.18). In turn, years of education was found to be a protective factor (OR = 0.79, 95%CI: 0.70-0.90). Although CI was more frequent among women and in people living without a partner, these characteristics were not significantly associated with CI risk.
The observed raw prevalence of CI was 19% (14.9% after adjusting for age and sex). Older age and the presence of diabetes and anxiety-depression increased the risk of CI, while higher educational level reduced the risk.
西班牙认知障碍（CI）的患病率数据有限，现有的信息表明，这取决于地理位置和所采用的方法存在重要差异。本研究的目的是确定城市地区 65 岁以上人群的 CI 患病率，并分析其相关的危险因素。
描述性、横断面、基于家庭问卷的研究；
人口密集、城市环境。
参考人群包括 2009 年居住在萨拉曼卡（西班牙）市的 65 岁以上人群。根据卫生区进行随机分层抽样，共选择了 480 人。共对 327 名患者（68.10%）进行了访谈，平均年龄为 76.35 岁（SD：7.33）。女性占总数的 64.5%。
使用家庭健康问卷获取以下数据：年龄、性别、教育水平、家庭结构、发病率和功能。所有参与者都完成了神经心理学测试。患病率数据与欧洲人口进行了比较，并直接根据年龄和性别进行了调整。诊断分为三个一般类别：正常认知功能、认知障碍-无痴呆（CIND）和痴呆。
这些 65 岁以上人群的 CI 患病率为 19%（14.7%为 CIND，4.3%为痴呆）。年龄和性别调整后的全球 CI 患病率为 14.9%。CI 随年龄增长而增加（p<0.001），随教育水平升高而降低（p<0.001）。多变量分析发现以下显著危险因素：年龄（OR=1.08，95%CI：1.03-1.12）、焦虑抑郁（OR=3.47，95%CI：1.61-7.51）和糖尿病（OR=2.07，95%CI：1.02-4.18）。反过来，受教育年限被认为是一个保护因素（OR=0.79，95%CI：0.70-0.90）。虽然女性和无伴侣生活的人群中 CI 更为常见，但这些特征与 CI 风险无显著相关性。
观察到的 CI 原始患病率为 19%（年龄和性别调整后为 14.9%）。年龄较大、存在糖尿病和焦虑抑郁会增加 CI 的风险，而较高的教育水平会降低风险。
