JP Das Developmental Disabilities Center, Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2009;2:59-79. doi: 10.2147/prbm.s5074. Epub 2009 Mar 18.
Alexander Luria's model of the working brain consisting of three functional units was formulated through the examination of hundreds of focal brain-injury patients. Several psychometric instruments based on Luria's syndrome analysis and accompanying qualitative tasks have been developed since the 1970s. In the mid-1970s, JP Das and colleagues defined a specific cognitive processes model based directly on Luria's two coding units termed simultaneous and successive by studying diverse cross-cultural, ability, and socioeconomic strata. The cognitive assessment system is based on the PASS model of cognitive processes and consists of four composite scales of Planning-Attention-Simultaneous-Successive (PASS) devised by Naglieri and Das in 1997. Das and colleagues developed the two new scales of planning and attention to more closely model Luria's theory of higher cortical functions. In this paper a theoretical review of Luria's theory, Das and colleagues elaboration of Luria's model, and the neural correlates of PASS composite scales based on extant studies is summarized. A brief empirical study of the neuropsychological specificity of the PASS composite scales in a sample of 33 focal cortical stroke patients using cluster analysis is then discussed. Planning and simultaneous were sensitive to right hemisphere lesions. These findings were integrated with recent functional neuroimaging studies of PASS scales. In sum it was found that simultaneous is strongly dependent on dual bilateral occipitoparietal interhemispheric coordination whereas successive demonstrated left frontotemporal specificity with some evidence of interhemispheric coordination across the prefrontal cortex. Hence, support for the validity of the PASS composite scales was found as well as for the axiom of the independence of code content from code type originally specified in 1994 by Das, Naglieri, and Kirby.
亚历山大·鲁利亚的工作大脑模型由三个功能单元组成，是通过对数百名局灶性脑损伤患者的检查而提出的。自 20 世纪 70 年代以来，已经开发了几种基于 Luria 综合征分析和伴随的定性任务的心理计量工具。20 世纪 70 年代中期，JP Das 及其同事通过研究不同的跨文化、能力和社会经济阶层，直接基于 Luria 的两个编码单元（称为同时和连续）定义了一个特定的认知过程模型。认知评估系统基于 PASS 认知过程模型，由 Naglieri 和 Das 于 1997 年设计的四个复合量表组成，分别是计划-注意-同时-连续（PASS）。Das 及其同事开发了新的计划和注意力量表，以更紧密地模拟 Luria 的高级皮质功能理论。本文对 Luria 理论、Das 及其同事对 Luria 模型的阐述以及基于现有研究的 PASS 复合量表的神经相关性进行了理论综述。然后，通过聚类分析，对 33 名局灶性皮质卒中患者样本中 PASS 复合量表的神经心理学特异性进行了简要的实证研究。计划和同时对右侧大脑损伤敏感。这些发现与 PASS 量表的最近功能神经影像学研究相结合。总之，发现同时与双侧枕顶间半球间的双重协调密切相关，而连续则表现出左额颞叶的特异性，并有一些证据表明前额叶皮层之间存在半球间协调。因此，发现了对 PASS 复合量表的有效性的支持，以及 Das、Naglieri 和 Kirby 于 1994 年最初指定的代码内容与代码类型独立性公理的支持。
