Olympic Lyon FC (Soccer), Department of Fitness Training and Research, Lyon, France.
J Strength Cond Res. 2012 Oct;26(10):2890-906. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182429ac7.
The identification of physiological loads imposed by soccer training or match play reveals essential information, which may help improve training and recovery strategies. Until today, the use of heart rate (HR) monitoring is not standardized in soccer. Thus, the aim of this review was to analyze, determine and compare the exercise intensity (EI) monitored by HR in professional, youth, and recreational soccer players during matches and training sessions using a meta-analysis. Heart rate is one of the most common physiological variables used to determine exercise internal training load. The mean EI recorded during competitive matches was described as 70-80% of VO2max or 80-90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax), independent of the playing level. With respect to HR training zones, approximately 65% of the total match duration is spent at intensity of 70-90% HRmax and rarely below 65% HRmax. However, although HRmax is mostly employed in the literature, monitoring EI should be expressed in relation to reserve heart rate, as it was described as a more reliable indicator of HR, allowing interindividual comparisons. The HR response according to the playing position indicates that midfielders are characterized by the highest EI, followed by forwards and fullbacks. Moreover, in the second half of the match, the EI is lower than that observed during the first half; this reduction could be correlated with the level of the player's physical conditioning. Consequently, coaches may favor the use of interval training or small-sided training games because these are shown to improve both aerobic capacity and the ability to repeat high-intensity actions. Small-sided games allow reaching similar HR responses to those found during interval training and match play but with greater heterogeneity values. Future investigations should include a larger sample of players with special reference to playing position and the expression of EI in percentage of the reserve heart rate, analyzing the possible intergender differences in HR response.
足球训练或比赛中生理负荷的识别揭示了重要信息，这可能有助于改善训练和恢复策略。直到今天，心率（HR）监测在足球中尚未标准化。因此，本综述的目的是使用荟萃分析分析、确定和比较职业、青年和休闲足球运动员在比赛和训练期间通过 HR 监测的运动强度（EI）。心率是用于确定运动内部训练负荷的最常见生理变量之一。在竞技比赛中记录的平均 EI 被描述为最大摄氧量的 70-80%或最大心率（HRmax）的 80-90%，与比赛水平无关。关于 HR 训练区，大约 65%的总比赛时间处于 70-90%HRmax 的强度范围内，很少低于 65%HRmax。然而，尽管 HRmax 在文献中大多被使用，但 EI 的监测应该与储备心率相关表达，因为它被描述为 HR 的更可靠指标，允许个体间比较。根据比赛位置的 HR 反应表明，中场球员的 EI 最高，其次是前锋和边后卫。此外，在比赛的下半场，EI 低于上半场观察到的水平；这种减少可能与运动员身体状况的水平有关。因此，教练可能倾向于使用间歇训练或小场比赛，因为这些方法被证明可以提高有氧能力和重复高强度动作的能力。小场比赛可以达到与间歇训练和比赛中相似的 HR 反应，但具有更大的异质性值。未来的研究应包括更大的球员样本，特别参考比赛位置和 EI 在储备心率百分比中的表达，分析 HR 反应中可能存在的性别差异。
