Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, USA.
Mem Cognit. 2012 Jul;40(5):681-92. doi: 10.3758/s13421-012-0185-5.
Mentally reinstating encoding operations at retrieval might improve access to memories; however, such constrained retrieval is an effortful process that may not always be used. The memory-for-foils procedure (Jacoby, Shimizu, Daniels, & Rhodes, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 12, 852-857, 2005) infers participant-initiated mental reinstatement of encoding operations during attempts at recognition from the differential memory that accrues to foils during a test of deeply processed items versus during a test of shallowly processed items, as indicated by performance on a final recognition memory test for the foils. Experiment 1 tested whether differential memory for foils is due to the evocation of task context during recollection of neighboring old items. Experiment 2 tested whether inducing a set to respond without much effort on a prior recognition test affects the likelihood of constrained retrieval on later tests. Experiment 3 tested whether constrained retrieval is less likely to occur when the deep versus shallow source of test items is intermixed, rather than blocked in separate tests. These experiments provide evidence that people query memory by mentally reinstating encoding operations and identify conditions that affect the probability of constrained retrieval.
在检索时重新进行编码操作可能会改善记忆的获取；然而，这种受限制的检索是一个费力的过程，并不总是被使用。记忆-干扰物程序（Jacoby、Shimizu、Daniels 和 Rhodes，《心理科学通报与评论》12，852-857，2005）推断，在尝试识别时，参与者会主动重新进行编码操作，这是从干扰物在深度处理项目测试期间和在浅度处理项目测试期间积累的差异记忆中推断出来的，这反映在对干扰物的最终识别记忆测试中的表现上。实验 1 检验了干扰物的差异记忆是否归因于在回忆相邻旧项目时唤起任务背景。实验 2 检验了在先前的识别测试中不费力地诱导一个反应集是否会影响后续测试中受限制检索的可能性。实验 3 检验了当测试项目的深度和浅度来源混合而不是在单独的测试中分开时，受限制检索是否不太可能发生。这些实验提供了证据表明，人们通过重新进行编码操作来查询记忆，并确定了影响受限制检索概率的条件。
