Schino Gabriele, Marini Claudia
Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy.
PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38936. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038936. Epub 2012 Jun 8.
Affiliative interactions exchanged between victims of aggression and individuals not involved in the original aggression (bystanders) have been observed in various species. Three hypothetical functions have been proposed for these interactions: consolation, self-protection and substitute reconciliation, but data to test them are scanty.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted post-conflict and matched control observations on a captive group of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). We found that victims often redirected aggression to bystanders, that they received most affiliation from those bystanders that were frequently the target of redirection, and that bystander affiliation reduced the likelihood of redirection. Bystander affiliation did not reduce the victim's distress (as measured by its scratching rates) and was not received primarily from kin/friends. Finally, bystander affiliation did not reduce the likelihood of renewed aggression from the original aggressor.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results provide support for the self-protection hypothesis but not for the consolation and substitute reconciliation hypotheses.
在各种物种中都观察到攻击行为的受害者与未参与最初攻击行为的个体（旁观者）之间进行的亲和互动。针对这些互动提出了三种假设功能：安慰、自我保护和替代和解，但用于检验这些功能的数据很少。
方法/主要发现：我们对一群圈养的山魈（Mandrillus sphinx）进行了冲突后观察和匹配对照观察。我们发现，受害者经常将攻击行为转向旁观者，他们从那些经常成为攻击行为转向目标的旁观者那里获得了最多的亲和行为，并且旁观者的亲和行为降低了攻击行为转向的可能性。旁观者的亲和行为并没有减轻受害者的痛苦（以抓挠频率衡量），并且亲和行为主要不是从亲属/朋友那里获得的。最后，旁观者的亲和行为并没有降低最初攻击者再次发起攻击的可能性。
结论/意义：这些结果为自我保护假设提供了支持，但没有为安慰和替代和解假设提供支持。
