Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 570, Uppsala S-751 23, Sweden.
BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2012 Aug 13;13:4. doi: 10.1186/2050-6511-13-4.
The potential for unsafe acts to result in harm to patients is constant risks to be managed in any health care delivery system including pharmacies. The number of reported errors is influenced by a various elements including safety culture. The aim of this study is to investigate a possible relationship between reported dispensing errors and safety culture, taking into account demographic and pharmacy variables, in Swedish community pharmacies.
A cross-sectional study was performed, encompassing 546 (62.8%) of the 870 Swedish community pharmacies. All staff in the pharmacies on December 1st, 2007 were included in the study. To assess safety culture domains in the pharmacies, the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) was used. Numbers of dispensed prescription items as well as dispensing errors for each pharmacy across the first half year of 2008 were summarised. Intercorrelations among a number of variables including SAQ survey domains, general properties of the pharmacy, demographic characteristics, and dispensing errors were calculated. A negative binomial regression model was used to further examine the relationship between the variables and dispensing errors.
The first analysis demonstrated a number of significant correlations between reported dispensing errors and the variables examined. Negative correlations were found with SAQ domains Teamwork Climate, Safety Climate, Job Satisfaction as well as mean age and response rates. Positive relationships were demonstrated with Stress Recognition (SAQ), number of employees, educational diversity, birth country diversity, education country diversity and number of dispensed prescription items. Variables displaying a significant relationship to errors in this analysis were included in the regression analysis. When controlling for demographic variables, only Stress Recognition, mean age, educational diversity and number of dispensed prescription items and employees, were still associated with dispensing errors.
This study replicated previous work linking safety to errors, but went one step further and controlled for a variety of variables. Controlling rendered the relationship between Safety Climate and dispensing insignificant, while the relationship to Stress Recognition remained significant. Variables such as age and education country diversity were found also to correlate with reporting behaviour. Further studies on the demographic variables might generate interesting results.
不安全行为可能对患者造成伤害，这是任何医疗保健系统（包括药房）都必须管理的固有风险。报告的错误数量受到多种因素的影响，包括安全文化。本研究旨在调查瑞典社区药房报告的配药错误与安全文化之间可能存在的关系，同时考虑人口统计学和药房变量。
本研究采用横断面研究设计，涵盖了 2007 年 12 月 1 日瑞典 870 家社区药房中的 546 家（62.8%）。所有参与药房的员工均被纳入研究。为评估药房的安全文化领域，使用了安全态度问卷（SAQ）。对每家药房 2008 年上半年分发的处方项目数量和配药错误进行了总结。计算了包括 SAQ 调查领域、药房一般特征、人口统计学特征和配药错误在内的多个变量之间的相关性。使用负二项回归模型进一步研究了这些变量与配药错误之间的关系。
首次分析表明，报告的配药错误与所检查的变量之间存在多项显著相关性。与 SAQ 领域团队合作氛围、安全氛围、工作满意度以及平均年龄和回应率呈负相关。与压力识别（SAQ）、员工人数、教育多样性、出生国家多样性、教育国家多样性和分发的处方项目数量呈正相关。在该分析中与错误相关的变量被纳入回归分析。在控制人口统计学变量后，仅压力识别、平均年龄、教育多样性以及分发的处方项目数量和员工人数仍与配药错误相关。
本研究复制了之前将安全与错误联系起来的工作，但更进一步，控制了多种变量。控制后，安全氛围与配药错误之间的关系变得不显著，而与压力识别的关系仍然显著。年龄和教育国家多样性等变量也与报告行为相关。对人口统计学变量的进一步研究可能会产生有趣的结果。
