School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
Sports Med. 2013 Feb;43(2):77-91. doi: 10.1007/s40279-012-0009-6.
The volume of literature on field-based physiological testing of wheelchair sports, such as basketball, rugby and tennis, is considerably smaller when compared with that available for individuals and team athletes in able-bodied (AB) sports. In analogy to the AB literature, it is recognized that performance in wheelchair sports not only relies on fitness, but also sport-specific skills, experience and technical proficiency. However, in contrast to AB sports, two major components contribute towards 'wheeled sports' performance, which are the athlete and the wheelchair. It is the interaction of these two that enable wheelchair propulsion and the sporting movements required within a given sport. Like any other athlete, participants of wheelchair sports are looking for efficient ways to train and/or analyse their technique and fitness to improve their performance. Consequently, laboratory and/or field-based physiological monitoring tools used at regular intervals at key time points throughout the year must be considered to help with training evaluation. The present review examines methods available in the literature to assess wheelchair sports fitness in a field-based environment, with special attention on outcome variables, validity and reliability issues, and non-physiological influences on performance. It also lays out the context of field-based testing by providing details about the Paralympic court sports and the impacts of a disability on sporting performance. Due to the limited availability of specialized equipment for testing wheelchair-dependent participants in the laboratory, the adoption of field-based testing has become the preferred option by team coaches of wheelchair athletes. An obvious advantage of field-based testing is that large groups of athletes can be tested in less time. Furthermore, athletes are tested in their natural environment (using their normal sports wheelchair set-up and floor surface), potentially making the results of such testing more relevant than laboratory testing. However, given that many tests, such as the multistage fitness test and the Yo-Yo intermittent test, have originally been developed for AB games players, the assumption that these can also be used for wheelchair athletes may be erroneous. With the array of AB aerobic and anaerobic field tests available, it is difficult to ascertain which ones may be best suited for wheelchair athletes. Therefore, new, wheelchair sport-specific tests have been proposed and validated. Careful selection of tests to enable coaches to distinguish between disability classifications, wheelchair proficiency and actual performance improvements is paramount as this will not only enhance the value of field-based testing, but also help with the development of meaningful normative data.
与健全人（AB）运动相比，有关轮椅运动的现场生理测试的文献数量要少得多，例如篮球、橄榄球和网球等。与 AB 文献类似，人们认识到，轮椅运动的表现不仅依赖于体能，还依赖于特定于运动的技能、经验和技术熟练程度。然而，与 AB 运动不同的是，有两个主要因素会影响“轮椅运动”的表现，即运动员和轮椅。正是这两者的相互作用使轮椅推进和特定运动所需的运动得以实现。与其他任何运动员一样，轮椅运动参与者都在寻找更有效的训练方法，或者分析他们的技术和体能以提高表现。因此，必须考虑在一年中的关键时间点定期使用实验室和/或现场生理监测工具来帮助进行训练评估。本综述检查了文献中可用于现场环境评估轮椅运动体能的方法，特别关注结果变量、有效性和可靠性问题，以及对性能的非生理影响。它还通过提供有关残奥会场地运动的详细信息以及残疾对运动表现的影响，阐述了现场测试的背景。由于实验室中用于测试轮椅依赖参与者的专用设备有限，因此团队教练更倾向于采用现场测试。现场测试的一个明显优势是可以在更短的时间内测试大量运动员。此外，运动员在其自然环境中进行测试（使用他们正常的运动轮椅设置和地面表面），这使得此类测试的结果可能比实验室测试更相关。然而，由于许多测试，如多级体能测试和 Yo-Yo 间歇性测试，最初是为 AB 游戏运动员开发的，因此假设这些测试也可以用于轮椅运动员可能是错误的。由于有各种各样的 AB 有氧和无氧现场测试，很难确定哪些测试最适合轮椅运动员。因此，已经提出并验证了新的、特定于轮椅运动的测试。仔细选择测试以使教练能够区分残疾分类、轮椅熟练程度和实际表现的提高至关重要，因为这不仅会提高现场测试的价值，还会帮助制定有意义的规范数据。
