Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, County Galway, Ireland.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013 Apr;79(8):2578-87. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03557-12. Epub 2013 Feb 8.
We determined norovirus (NoV) concentrations in effluent from a wastewater treatment plant and in oysters during the peak period of laboratory-confirmed cases of NoV infection in Ireland in 2010 (January to March). Weekly samples of influent, secondary treated effluent, and oysters were analyzed using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR for NoV genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII). The mean concentration of NoV GII (5.87 × 10(4) genome copies 100 ml(-1)) in influent wastewater was significantly higher than the mean concentration of NoV GI (1.40 × 10(4) genome copies 100 ml(-1)). The highest concentration of NoV GII (2.20 × 10(5) genome copies 100 ml(-1)) was detected in influent wastewater during week 6. Over the study period, a total of 931 laboratory-confirmed cases of NoV GII infection were recorded, with the peak (n = 171) occurring in week 7. In comparison, 16 cases of NoV GI-associated illness were reported during the study period. In addition, the NoV capsid N/S domain was molecularly characterized for selected samples. Multiple genotypes of NoV GI (GI.1, GI.4, GI.5, GI.6, and GI.7) and GII (GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.12, GII.13, and GII.17), as well as 4 putative recombinant strains, were detected in the environmental samples. The NoV GII.4 variant 2010 was detected in wastewater and oyster samples and was the dominant strain detected in NoV outbreaks at that time. This study demonstrates the diversity of NoV genotypes present in wastewater during a period of high rates of NoV infection in the community and highlights the potential for the environmental spread of multiple NoV genotypes.
我们测定了 2010 年爱尔兰诺如病毒（NoV）感染实验室确诊病例高峰期（1 月至 3 月）污水处理厂出水中和牡蛎中的诺如病毒浓度。每周采集进水、二级处理出水和牡蛎样本，采用实时定量逆转录 PCR 检测 NoV 基因 I 组（GI）和基因 II 组（GII）。进水废水中 NoV GII 的平均浓度（5.87×10(4)基因组拷贝 100ml(-1))显著高于 NoV GI 的平均浓度（1.40×10(4)基因组拷贝 100ml(-1))。第 6 周进水废水中检测到的 NoV GII 浓度最高（2.20×10(5)基因组拷贝 100ml(-1))。研究期间共记录到 931 例 NoV GII 感染的实验室确诊病例，第 7 周出现高峰（n=171）。相比之下，研究期间共报告了 16 例 NoV GI 相关疾病。此外，还对部分样本的 NoV 衣壳 N/S 结构域进行了分子特征分析。在环境样本中检测到多种 NoV GI（GI.1、GI.4、GI.5、GI.6 和 GI.7）和 GII（GII.3、GII.4、GII.6、GII.7、GII.12、GII.13 和 GII.17）基因型以及 4 种可能的重组株。在废水和牡蛎样本中检测到 NoV GII.4 2010 变异株，它是当时诺如病毒暴发时检测到的主要菌株。本研究表明，在社区高发 NoV 感染期间，废水中存在多种 NoV 基因型，强调了多种 NoV 基因型在环境中传播的潜力。
