Research and Innovation Laboratory, Finnish Environment Institute, Hakuninmaantie 6, (P.O. Box 140), 00251, Helsinki, Finland,
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2013 Nov;20(11):7979-87. doi: 10.1007/s11356-013-1518-z. Epub 2013 Mar 20.
The objective of the Control of Hazardous Substances in the Baltic Sea (COHIBA) project is to support the implementation of the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan regarding hazardous substances by developing joint actions to achieve the goal of "a Baltic Sea with life undisturbed by hazardous substances". One aim in the project was to identify the most important sources of 11 hazardous substances of special concern in the Baltic Sea. Among them are perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). In this study, four perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) were studied: PFOA, PFOS, perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA). The occurrence of PFAAs in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plant effluents (MWWTP1-3, IWWTP1), target industry effluent, storm water, landfill leachate and sludge was studied. Effluents were analysed six times and storm water, leachate and sludge were analysed twice, once in the warm season and once in the cold, during a 1-year sampling campaign. PFOS prevailed in two municipal effluents (MWWTP1 and 3) and industrial effluent (IWWTP1; 7.8-14, 8.0-640 and 320-1,300 ng/l, respectively). However, in one municipal effluent (MWWTP2) PFOA was, in a majority of sampling occasions, the predominant PFAA (9-15 ng/l) followed by PFOS (3.8-20 ng/l). The highest PFAA loads of the municipal effluents were found in the MWWTP3 receiving the biggest portion of industrial wastewater. In storm water the highest concentration was found for PFHxA (17 ng/l). The highest concentration of PFOS and PFOA were 9.9 and 5.1 ng/l, respectively. PFOS, PFOA and PFHxA were detected in every effluent, storm water and landfill leachate sample, whereas PFDA was detected in most of the samples (77%). In the target industry, PFOS concentrations varied between 1,400 and 18,000 μg/l. In addition, on one sampling occasion PFOA and PFHxA were found (0.027 and 0.009 μg/l, respectively). For effluents, PFAA mass flows into the Baltic Sea were calculated. For municipal wastewater treatment plants average mass flows per day varied for PFOS between 1,073 and 38,880 mg/day, for PFOA 960 and 2,700 mg/day, for PFHxA 408 and 1,269 mg/day and for PFDA 84 and 270 mg/day. In IWWTP mass flows for PFOS, PFOA, PFHxA and PFDA were 495 mg/d, 28 mg/d, 23 mg/d and 0.6 mg/g, respectively.
COHIBA 项目的目标是支持 HELCOM 波罗的海行动计划中有关危险物质的实施，为此制定联合行动，以实现“一个没有危险物质干扰的波罗的海”这一目标。该项目的目标之一是确定波罗的海中 11 种特别关注的危险物质的最重要来源。其中包括全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 和全氟辛酸 (PFOA)。在这项研究中，研究了四种全氟烷基酸 (PFAAs)：PFOA、PFOS、全氟己酸 (PFHxA) 和全氟癸酸 (PFDA)。研究了城市和工业污水处理厂废水 (MWWTP1-3、IWWTP1)、目标工业废水、雨水、垃圾渗滤液和污泥中的 PFAAs 的存在情况。废水分析了六次，雨水、渗滤液和污泥分析了两次，分别在温暖季节和寒冷季节进行了为期一年的采样活动。在两个城市废水 (MWWTP1 和 3) 和工业废水 (IWWTP1) 中，PFOS 占主导地位 (分别为 7.8-14、8.0-640 和 320-1300ng/L)。然而，在一个城市废水 (MWWTP2) 中，在大多数采样情况下，PFOA 是主要的 PFAA (9-15ng/L)，其次是 PFOS (3.8-20ng/L)。从接收最大比例工业废水的 MWWTP3 中，城市废水的 PFAA 负荷最高。在雨水中，PFHxA 的浓度最高 (17ng/L)。PFOS 和 PFOA 的最高浓度分别为 9.9 和 5.1ng/L。PFOS、PFOA 和 PFHxA 存在于所有废水、雨水和垃圾渗滤液样品中，而 PFDA 存在于大多数样品中 (77%)。在目标行业中，PFOS 浓度在 1400 至 18000μg/L 之间变化。此外，在一个采样点发现了 PFOA 和 PFHxA(分别为 0.027 和 0.009μg/L)。对于废水，计算了进入波罗的海的 PFAA 质量流量。对于城市污水处理厂，PFOS 的日平均质量流量为每天 1073 至 38880mg，PFOA 为 960 至 2700mg，PFHxA 为 408 至 1269mg，PFDA 为 84 至 270mg。在 IWWTP 中，PFOS、PFOA、PFHxA 和 PFDA 的质量流量分别为 495mg/d、28mg/d、23mg/d 和 0.6mg/g。
