Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Appetite. 2013 Jul;66:75-83. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.03.004. Epub 2013 Mar 19.
Reductions in food energy density can decrease energy intake, but it is not known if the effects depend on the way that energy density is reduced. We investigated whether three methods of reducing energy density (decreasing fat, increasing fruit and vegetables, and adding water) differed in their effects on energy intake across the day. In a crossover design, 59 adults ate breakfast, lunch, and dinner in the laboratory once a week for 4 weeks. Across conditions, the entrées were either standard in energy density or were reduced in energy density by 20% using one of the three methods. Each meal included a manipulated entrée along with unmanipulated side dishes, and all foods were consumed ad libitum. Reducing the energy density of entrées significantly decreased daily energy intake compared to standard entrées (mean intake 2667 ± 77 kcal/day; 11,166 ± 322 kJ/day). The mean decrease was 396 ± 44 kcal/day (1658 ± 184 kJ/day) when fat was reduced, 308 ± 41 kcal/day (1290 ± 172 kJ/day) when fruit and vegetables were increased, and 230 ± 35 kcal/day (963 ± 147 kJ/day) when water was added. Daily energy intake was lower when fat was decreased compared to the other methods. These findings indicate that a variety of diet compositions can be recommended to reduce overall dietary energy density in order to moderate energy intake.
降低食物能量密度可以减少能量摄入，但目前尚不清楚这种效果是否取决于降低能量密度的方式。我们研究了三种降低能量密度的方法（减少脂肪、增加水果和蔬菜、加水）在全天能量摄入方面的效果是否不同。采用交叉设计，59 名成年人每周在实验室吃一次早餐、午餐和晚餐，持续 4 周。在所有条件下，主菜的能量密度要么是标准的，要么是通过三种方法中的一种降低 20%。每顿饭都包括一个经过处理的主菜和未经处理的配菜，所有食物都可以随意食用。与标准主菜相比，降低主菜的能量密度显著减少了每日能量摄入（平均摄入量 2667±77 千卡/天；11166±322 千焦/天）。当减少脂肪时，平均减少 396±44 千卡/天（1658±184 千焦/天），当增加水果和蔬菜时，平均减少 308±41 千卡/天（1290±172 千焦/天），当加水时，平均减少 230±35 千卡/天（963±147 千焦/天）。与其他方法相比，减少脂肪时的每日能量摄入更低。这些发现表明，可以推荐各种饮食成分来降低整体膳食能量密度，以适度能量摄入。
