School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain,
Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2013 Sep;14(3):265-71. doi: 10.1007/s11154-013-9264-6.
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The lack of universally accepted diagnosis criteria makes it difficult to know the real prevalence of MetS in both adult and pediatric population. Lifestyle, especially nutritional habits and physical activity, have been suggested to be independent risk factors for the development of MetS. Recent studies highlight the need to prioritize overall dietary patterns, rather than isolated nutrients, to better appraise the associations between nutritional habits and MetS. In this review we summarize recently published intervention trials and systematic reviews that evaluated the association between overall dietary patterns and the risk of MetS. Westernized dietary patterns, characterized by a high consumption of meat or meat products, snacks, baked desserts and sugar-sweetened beverages, which provide high amounts of saturated fatty acids and simple carbohydrates as added sugars, have been associated with higher risk of MetS. In contrast, more traditional dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP), characterized by a high consumption of vegetables, fruits, whole cereals and fish are associated with a reduced risk of MetS. The main characteristics of the MDP include a high consumption of nuts and olive oil, resulting in a relatively fat-rich pattern that provides high amounts of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, bioactive polyphenols and dietary fiber. Strong evidence is accumulating to support that a closer conformity with the MDP is inversely associated with the incidence of MetS, cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
代谢综合征（MetS）是一组危险因素，可显著增加心血管疾病的风险。缺乏普遍接受的诊断标准使得难以了解成人和儿童人群中 MetS 的真实患病率。生活方式，尤其是营养习惯和身体活动，被认为是 MetS 发展的独立危险因素。最近的研究强调需要优先考虑整体饮食模式，而不是孤立的营养素，以更好地评估营养习惯与 MetS 之间的关联。在这篇综述中，我们总结了最近发表的干预试验和系统评价，评估了整体饮食模式与 MetS 风险之间的关联。西方化的饮食模式，其特点是大量食用肉类或肉类产品、零食、烘焙甜点和含糖饮料，这些食物提供大量的饱和脂肪酸和简单碳水化合物作为添加糖，与 MetS 的风险增加有关。相比之下，更传统的饮食模式，包括地中海饮食模式（MDP），其特点是大量食用蔬菜、水果、全谷物和鱼类，与 MetS 风险降低有关。MDP 的主要特点包括大量食用坚果和橄榄油，从而形成相对高脂肪的模式，提供大量的单不饱和和多不饱和脂肪酸、生物活性多酚和膳食纤维。越来越多的证据支持与 MDP 更接近的一致性与 MetS 的发病率、心血管危险因素、糖尿病和心血管疾病呈负相关。
