Vernarelli Jacqueline A, Mitchell Diane C, Rolls Barbara J, Hartman Terryl J
The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University Park, PA 16802 USA.
Procedia Food Sci. 2013;2:68-74. doi: 10.1016/j.profoo.2013.04.011.
There has been a growing interest in examining dietary energy density (ED, kcal/g) as it relates to various health outcomes. Consuming a diet low in ED has been recommended in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines, as well as by other agencies, as a dietary approach for disease prevention. Translating this recommendation into practice; however, is difficult. Currently there is no standardized method for calculating dietary ED; as dietary ED can be calculated with foods alone, or with a combination of foods and beverages. Certain items may be defined as either a food or a beverage (e.g., meal replacement shakes) and require special attention. National survey data are an excellent resource for evaluating factors that are important to dietary ED calculation. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) nutrient and food database does not include an ED variable, thus researchers must independently calculate ED. The objective of this study was to provide information that will inform the selection of a standardized ED calculation method by comparing and contrasting methods for ED calculation. The present study evaluates all consumed items and defines foods and beverages based on both USDA food codes and how the item was consumed. Results are presented as mean EDs for the different calculation methods stratified by population demographics (e.g. age, sex). Using United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) food codes in the 2005-2008 NHANES, a standardized method for calculating dietary ED can be derived. This method can then be adapted by other researchers for consistency across studies.
人们对研究饮食能量密度（ED，千卡/克）与各种健康结果之间的关系越来越感兴趣。2010年《膳食指南》以及其他机构都推荐食用低能量密度的饮食，作为预防疾病的饮食方法。然而，将这一建议转化为实际行动却很困难。目前尚无计算饮食能量密度的标准化方法；因为饮食能量密度既可以仅根据食物来计算，也可以根据食物和饮料的组合来计算。某些食品可能被定义为食物或饮料（例如代餐奶昔），需要特别关注。国家调查数据是评估对饮食能量密度计算很重要的因素的绝佳资源。国家健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）的营养和食物数据库不包括能量密度变量，因此研究人员必须独立计算能量密度。本研究的目的是通过比较和对比能量密度计算方法，提供有助于选择标准化能量密度计算方法的信息。本研究评估了所有食用的食品，并根据美国农业部食品代码以及食品的食用方式来定义食物和饮料。结果以按人口统计学特征（如年龄、性别）分层的不同计算方法的平均能量密度呈现。利用2005 - 2008年国家健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）中的美国农业部食品代码，可以得出一种计算饮食能量密度的标准化方法。然后，其他研究人员可以采用这种方法，以确保各项研究结果的一致性。
