Villena Julio, Kitazawa Haruki
Immunobiotics Research Group , Tucuman , Argentina ; Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET) , Tucuman , Argentina.
Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan.
Front Immunol. 2014 Jan 14;4:512. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00512.
The intestinal mucosa plays a critical role in the host's interactions with innocuous commensal microbiota and invading pathogenic microorganisms. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and gut associated immune cells recognize the bacterial components via pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and are responsible for maintaining tolerance to the large communities of resident luminal bacteria while being also able to mount inflammatory responses against pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a major class of PRRs that are present on IECs and immune cells which are involved in the induction of both tolerance and inflammation. A growing body of experimental and clinical evidence supports the therapeutic and preventive application of probiotics for several gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders in which TLRs exert a significant role. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the beneficial effects of probiotic microorganisms with the capacity to modulate the immune system (immunobiotics) in the regulation of intestinal inflammation in pigs, which are very important as both livestock and human model. Especially we discuss the role of TLRs, their signaling pathways, and their negative regulators in both the inflammatory intestinal injury and the beneficial effects of immunobiotics in general, and Lactobacillus jensenii TL2937 in particular. This review article emphasizes the cellular and molecular interactions of immunobiotics with IECs and immune cells through TLRs and their application for improving animal and human health.
肠道黏膜在宿主与无害共生微生物群及入侵致病微生物的相互作用中起着关键作用。肠道上皮细胞（IECs）和肠道相关免疫细胞通过模式识别受体（PRRs）识别细菌成分，负责维持对大量腔内常驻细菌的耐受性，同时也能够对病原体发起炎症反应。Toll样受体（TLRs）是一类主要的PRRs，存在于IECs和免疫细胞上，参与耐受性和炎症的诱导。越来越多的实验和临床证据支持益生菌在几种胃肠道炎症性疾病中的治疗和预防应用，其中TLRs发挥着重要作用。本综述旨在总结具有调节免疫系统能力的益生菌微生物（免疫益生菌）在调节猪肠道炎症中的有益作用的现有知识，猪作为家畜和人类模型都非常重要。特别是，我们讨论了TLRs及其信号通路，以及它们的负调节因子在炎症性肠损伤和免疫益生菌一般有益作用中的作用，尤其是詹氏乳杆菌TL2937的作用。这篇综述文章强调了免疫益生菌通过TLRs与IECs和免疫细胞的细胞和分子相互作用及其在改善动物和人类健康方面的应用。
