Chair of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, Toruń, 87-100, Poland,
Parasitol Res. 2014 May;113(5):1629-40. doi: 10.1007/s00436-014-3808-x. Epub 2014 Feb 20.
There are only three fly species that are obligate agents of traumatic myiasis of humans and livestock: a single species of flesh fly, Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Sarcophagidae), and two species of blow flies, Chrysomya bezziana and Cochliomyia hominivorax (Calliphoridae). The morphology of their first instar larvae is thoroughly and consistently documented here with light microscopy photographs and scanning electron microscopy micrographs. The following morphological structures are documented: pseudocephalon, antennal complex, maxillary palpus, oral ridges, thoracic and abdominal spinulation, spiracular field, posterior spiracles and cephaloskeleton. New diagnostic features drawn from the cephaloskeleton and the spinulation of abdominal segments, including the anal pad, are discovered and extensively described. Earlier descriptions in the literature are revisited, and major discrepancies between these and the results of the current study are discussed. The present results allow clarification, correction and, especially, complementation of information provided by earlier authors. The relatively distant taxonomic position of all three species is evidence that obligatory myiasis has arisen independently, and the extensively similar morphology in the first instar larvae of Chrysomya bezziana, Cochliomyia hominivorax and W. magnifica in comparison to necrophagous species, especially the enhancement of the anterior part of the cephaloskeleton and the segmental spinulation, is therefore best interpreted as homoplasic adaptations to a life strategy as obligate vertebrate parasites. An identification key for first instar larvae of all obligatory traumatic myiasis agents of mammals is provided.
一种肉蝇，即华丽巨首蝇（Sarcophagidae），以及两种丽蝇，即厩腐蝇和人胃蝇（Calliphoridae）。这里通过光学显微镜照片和扫描电子显微镜微图彻底而一致地记录了它们的第一龄幼虫的形态。记录了以下形态结构：假头、触角复合物、下颚须、口嵴、胸腹部刺毛、呼吸孔域、后呼吸孔和头壳骨骼。从头壳骨骼和腹部节段的刺毛中发现并广泛描述了新的诊断特征，包括肛垫。重新审视了文献中的早期描述，并讨论了这些描述与当前研究结果之间的主要差异。目前的结果允许澄清、纠正和补充早期作者提供的信息。所有三种蝇类的相对遥远的分类位置表明，专性蝇蛆病是独立产生的，而厩腐蝇、人胃蝇和华丽巨首蝇的第一龄幼虫在形态上广泛相似，与食腐蝇类相比，特别是头壳骨骼前部的增强和节段刺毛，最好被解释为作为专性脊椎动物寄生虫的生活策略的同型适应。提供了一个用于鉴定所有哺乳动物专性创伤性蝇蛆病媒介的第一龄幼虫的识别钥匙。
