Puga-Gonzalez Ivan, Butovskaya Marina, Thierry Bernard, Hemelrijk Charlotte Korinna
Behavioural Ecology and Self-organization, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
PLoS One. 2014 Mar 17;9(3):e91262. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091262. eCollection 2014.
Post-conflict affiliation between former opponents and bystanders occurs in several species of non-human primates. It is classified in four categories of which affiliation received by the former victim, 'consolation', has received most attention. The hypotheses of cognitive constraint and social constraint are inadequate to explain its occurrence. The cognitive constraint hypothesis is contradicted by recent evidence of 'consolation' in monkeys and the social constraint hypothesis lacks information why 'consolation' actually happens. Here, we combine a computational model and an empirical study to investigate the minimum cognitive requirements for post-conflict affiliation. In the individual-based model, individuals are steered by cognitively simple behavioural rules. Individuals group and when nearby each other they fight if they are likely to win, otherwise, they may groom, especially when anxious. We parameterize the model after empirical data of a tolerant species, the Tonkean macaque (Macaca tonkeana). We find evidence for the four categories of post-conflict affiliation in the model and in the empirical data. We explain how in the model these patterns emerge from the combination of a weak hierarchy, social facilitation, risk-sensitive aggression, interactions with partners close-by and grooming as tension-reduction mechanism. We indicate how this may function as a new explanation for empirical data.
前冲突对手与旁观者之间的冲突后从属关系在几种非人类灵长类动物中都有出现。它被分为四类，其中前受害者所接受的从属关系，即“安慰”，受到了最多关注。认知约束假说和社会约束假说都不足以解释其发生。猴子“安慰”行为的最新证据与认知约束假说相矛盾，而社会约束假说缺乏关于“安慰”实际发生原因的信息。在这里，我们结合计算模型和实证研究来探究冲突后从属关系的最低认知要求。在基于个体的模型中，个体由认知简单的行为规则引导。个体聚集在一起，当彼此靠近时，如果有可能获胜就会争斗，否则，它们可能会进行梳理毛发的行为，尤其是在焦虑的时候。我们根据宽容物种——汤基猕猴（Macaca tonkeana）的实证数据对模型进行参数化。我们在模型和实证数据中都发现了冲突后从属关系的四类证据。我们解释了在模型中这些模式是如何从弱等级制度、社会促进、风险敏感型攻击、与附近伙伴的互动以及作为减压机制的梳理毛发行为的结合中出现的。我们指出这如何可能作为对实证数据的一种新解释。
