Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Epidemiology and Public Health, The John B. Pierce Laboratory and Yale School of Medicine, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA,
Sports Med. 2014 May;44 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S97-104. doi: 10.1007/s40279-014-0155-0.
Changes in skin blood and sweating are the primary mechanisms for heat loss in humans. A hot, humid environment concomitant with dehydration limits the ability to increase skin blood flow for the purpose of transferring heat from the body core to skin surface and evaporate sweat to maintain core temperature within safe limits during exercise. Adequate hydration improves thermoregulation by maintaining blood volume to support skin blood flow and sweating. Humans rely on fluid intake to maintain total body water and blood volume, and have developed complex mechanisms to sense changes in the amount and composition of fluid in the body. This paper addresses the interrelationship of research in the laboratory and the field to assess hydration status involved in body water and temperature regulation during exercise. In the controlled setting of a research laboratory, investigators are able to investigate the contributions of volume and tonicity of fluid in the plasma to body water and temperature regulation during exercise and recovery. For example, laboratory studies have shown that tonicity in a rehydration beverage maintains the thirst mechanism (and stimulates drinking), and contributes to the ongoing stimulation of renal fluid retention hormones, ultimately leading to a more complete rehydration. Research in the field cannot control the environment precisely, but these studies provide a natural, 'real-life' setting to study fluid and temperature regulation during exercise. The conditions encountered in the field are closest to the environment during competition, and data collected in the field can have an immediate impact on performance and safety during exercise. There is an important synergy between these two methods of collecting data that support performance and protect athletes from harm during training and improve performance during competition.
皮肤血液和出汗的变化是人体散热的主要机制。在炎热、潮湿的环境中，伴随着脱水，会限制增加皮肤血流量的能力，以将热量从身体核心转移到皮肤表面，并蒸发汗水，从而在运动过程中将核心温度维持在安全范围内。充足的水合作用通过维持血液量来支持皮肤血流量和出汗，从而改善体温调节。人类依靠液体摄入来维持全身水和血液量，并已经发展出复杂的机制来感知体内液体的数量和成分的变化。本文探讨了实验室和现场研究之间的相互关系，以评估运动过程中与身体水合和体温调节相关的水合状态。在研究实验室的受控环境中，研究人员能够研究血浆中液体的体积和浓度对运动中和运动后身体水合和体温调节的贡献。例如，实验室研究表明，再水化饮料的浓度维持了口渴机制（并刺激了饮水），并有助于持续刺激肾脏保留液体的激素，最终导致更完全的再水化。现场研究无法精确控制环境，但这些研究为运动过程中的液体和体温调节提供了自然的“现实生活”环境。现场遇到的条件最接近比赛期间的环境，现场收集的数据可以立即对运动过程中的表现和安全产生影响。这两种收集数据的方法之间存在着重要的协同作用，它们支持表现，保护运动员在训练中免受伤害，并在比赛中提高表现。
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