Safizadeh H, Moradi M, Rad M Rostami, Nakhaee N
Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman, Iran.
Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman, Iran.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014 Aug;18(8):988-91. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.14.0026.
Waterpipe smoking is an emerging topic in tobacco research that may have unrecognised health hazards.
To determine whether waterpipes are a source of bacterial contamination.
A total of 15 restaurants and waterpipe cafés were randomly selected from the list of locations serving waterpipe tobacco in Kerman city, Iran. Different parts of the waterpipe devices were sampled, including the disposable mouthpiece, the mouthpiece of the hose and the water in the bowl of the waterpipe. The samples were smeared onto bacterial culture media, including eosin methylene blue, blood agar and MacConkey agar growth media, and incubated at 37°C. After 24-48 h, they were examined for colony growth.
Of 285 samples from different parts of the waterpipes, 236 (82.8%) showed positive cultures; the rate of contamination ranged from 69% in the fixed mouthpiece to 96% in bowl water. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (32.9%), Streptococcus spp (26.9%), Neisseria spp (13.7%) and Escherichia coli (9.4%) were the most frequent contaminants.
Waterpipes are frequently contaminated with microorganisms. This study revealed potential microbial hazards in waterpipes that may contribute to respiratory tract colonisation.
水烟吸食是烟草研究中一个新出现的话题，可能存在未被认识到的健康危害。
确定水烟是否为细菌污染源。
从伊朗克尔曼市提供水烟烟草的场所名单中随机选取15家餐厅和水烟咖啡馆。对水烟装置的不同部位进行采样，包括一次性烟嘴、软管烟嘴和水烟壶中的水。将样本涂抹在细菌培养基上，包括伊红美蓝、血琼脂和麦康凯琼脂生长培养基，并在37°C下培养。24 - 48小时后，检查菌落生长情况。
在来自水烟不同部位的285个样本中，236个（82.8%）培养结果呈阳性；污染率从固定烟嘴的69%到壶中水的96%不等。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（32.9%）、链球菌属（26.9%）、奈瑟菌属（13.7%）和大肠杆菌（9.4%）是最常见的污染物。
水烟经常被微生物污染。这项研究揭示了水烟中可能导致呼吸道定植的潜在微生物危害。
