Niedeggen Michael, Sarauli Natia, Cacciola Santi, Weschke Sarah
Department of Educational Science and Psychology, Experimental Psychology and Neuropsychology, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2014 Nov 19;8:935. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00935. eCollection 2014.
Social participation can be examined using the Cyberball paradigm, a virtual ball-tossing game. Reducing the involvement of the participant is supposed to activate a neural alarm system, and to threaten fundamental social needs. Our previous findings indicate that the latter process can be linked to an enhancement of the centro-parietal P3 amplitude, signaling a modulation of the subjective expectancy of involvement. A preceding more frontal ERP component, the P2, does not depend of the probability of involvement, but reflects the appraisal of social reward. In this experiment, we examined whether overinclusion of participants enhances the satisfaction of social needs, reduces the P3 amplitude correspondingly, and affects central reward processing. In the control condition, participants (n = 40) were included (two co-player, ball possession 33%), and overincluded (ball possession 46%) in the experimental condition. In a counterbalanced design, we also controlled for the order of conditions. As predicted, overinclusion increased the satisfaction of social needs, with exception of "self esteem", and reduced the P3 amplitude. As for the frontal P2, overinclusion only enhanced the amplitudes if the less frequent involvement (condition: inclusion) was experienced previously. The behavioral and P3 data suggest that the feelings of social belonging, meaningful existence, and control are related to the subjective expectancy of social involvement, and can be described in terms of a linear continuum ranging from exclusion to overinclusion. In contrast, appraisal of social rewards does not depend on the probability of involvement.
社会参与可以通过赛博球范式（一种虚拟抛球游戏）来进行研究。减少参与者的参与度被认为会激活一个神经警报系统，并威胁到基本的社会需求。我们之前的研究结果表明，后一个过程可能与中央顶叶P3波幅的增强有关，这表明参与的主观预期受到了调节。一个更靠前的ERP成分，即P2波，并不取决于参与的概率，而是反映了对社会奖励的评估。在本实验中，我们研究了过度纳入参与者是否会提高社会需求的满意度，相应地降低P3波幅，并影响中枢奖励处理。在控制条件下，参与者（n = 40）被纳入实验（有两个共同玩家，持球概率为33%），在实验条件下则被过度纳入（持球概率为46%）。在一个平衡设计中，我们还控制了条件的顺序。正如预测的那样，过度纳入提高了社会需求的满意度，但“自尊”除外，并降低了P3波幅。至于额叶P2波，只有在之前经历过较少频率的参与（条件：纳入）时，过度纳入才会增强波幅。行为和P3数据表明，社会归属感、有意义的存在和控制感与社会参与的主观预期有关，并且可以用一个从被排斥到过度纳入的线性连续体来描述。相比之下，对社会奖励的评估并不取决于参与的概率。
