Lombardi Lidia, Carnevale Ennio, Corti Andrea
Niccolò Cusano University, via Don Carlo Gnocchi, 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
Industrial Engineering Department, University of Florence, via Santa Marta, 3, 50129 Florence, Italy.
Waste Manag. 2015 Mar;37:26-44. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.11.010. Epub 2014 Dec 18.
The aim of this work is to identify the current level of energy recovery through waste thermal treatment. The state of the art in energy recovery from waste was investigated, highlighting the differences for different types of thermal treatment, considering combustion/incineration, gasification and pyrolysis. Also different types of wastes - Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) or Solid Refuse Fuels (SRF) and some typologies of Industrial Waste (IW) (sludge, plastic scraps, etc.) - were included in the analysis. The investigation was carried out mainly reviewing papers, published in scientific journals and conferences, but also considering technical reports, to gather more information. In particular the goal of this review work was to synthesize studies in order to compare the values of energy conversion efficiencies measured or calculated for different types of thermal processes and different types of waste. It emerged that the dominant type of thermal treatment is incineration associated to energy recovery in a steam cycle. When waste gasification is applied, the produced syngas is generally combusted in a boiler to generate steam for energy recovery in a steam cycle. For both the possibilities--incineration or gasification--co-generation is the mean to improve energy recovery, especially for small scale plants. In the case of only electricity production, the achievable values are strongly dependent on the plant size: for large plant size, where advanced technical solutions can be applied and sustained from an economic point of view, net electric efficiency may reach values up to 30-31%. In small-medium plants, net electric efficiency is constrained by scale effect and remains at values around 20-24%. Other types of technical solutions--gasification with syngas use in internally fired devices, pyrolysis and plasma gasification--are less common or studied at pilot or demonstrative scale and, in any case, offer at present similar or lower levels of energy efficiency.
这项工作的目的是确定通过废热处理实现的当前能量回收水平。对废物能量回收的现有技术进行了研究，突出了不同类型热处理（考虑燃烧/焚烧、气化和热解）之间的差异。分析中还纳入了不同类型的废物——城市固体废物（MSW）、衍生燃料（RDF）或固体垃圾燃料（SRF）以及一些工业废物（IW）类型（污泥、塑料碎片等）。调查主要通过查阅发表在科学期刊和会议上的论文进行，但也参考了技术报告，以收集更多信息。特别是，这项综述工作的目标是综合各项研究，以便比较针对不同类型热过程和不同类型废物测量或计算得出的能量转换效率值。结果表明，主导的热处理类型是与蒸汽循环中的能量回收相关的焚烧。当应用废物气化时，产生的合成气通常在锅炉中燃烧，以产生蒸汽用于蒸汽循环中的能量回收。对于焚烧或气化这两种可能性，热电联产都是提高能量回收的手段，尤其是对于小型工厂。在仅发电的情况下，可实现的值在很大程度上取决于工厂规模：对于大型工厂规模，由于可以应用先进的技术解决方案并在经济上可行，净电效率可能达到高达30 - 31%的值。在中小型工厂中，净电效率受到规模效应的限制，仍保持在20 - 24%左右的值。其他类型的技术解决方案——在内燃设备中使用合成气的气化、热解和等离子气化——不太常见，或者仅在中试或示范规模上进行了研究，并且无论如何，目前提供的能量效率水平相似或更低。
