Brugman Sylvia, Perdijk Olaf, van Neerven R J Joost, Savelkoul Huub F J
Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, de Elst 1, 6708, WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2015 Aug;63(4):251-68. doi: 10.1007/s00005-015-0329-y. Epub 2015 Feb 11.
Our environment poses a constant threat to our health. To survive, all organisms must be able to discriminate between good (food ingredients and microbes that help digest our food) and bad (pathogenic microbes, viruses and toxins). In vertebrates, discrimination between beneficial and harmful antigens mainly occurs at the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and genital tract. Here, an extensive network of cells and organs form the basis of what we have come to know as the mucosal immune system. The mucosal immune system is composed of a single epithelial cell layer protected by a mucus layer. Different immune cells monitor the baso-lateral side of the epithelial cells and dispersed secondary lymphoid organs, such as Peyer's patches and isolated lymphoid follicles are equipped with immune cells able to mount appropriate and specific responses. This review will focus on the current knowledge on host, dietary and bacterial-derived factors that shape the mucosal immune system before and after birth. We will discuss current knowledge on fetal immunity (both responsiveness and lymphoid organ development) as well as the impact of diet and microbial colonization on neonatal immunity and disease susceptibility. Lastly, inflammatory bowel disease will be discussed as an example of how the composition of the microbiota might predispose to disease later in life. A fundamental understanding of the mechanisms involved in mucosal immune development and tolerance will aid nutritional intervention strategies to improve health in neonatal and adult life.
我们的环境对我们的健康构成持续威胁。为了生存，所有生物体必须能够区分有益（有助于消化食物的食物成分和微生物）和有害（致病微生物、病毒和毒素）。在脊椎动物中，有益和有害抗原之间的区分主要发生在呼吸道、消化道、泌尿道和生殖道的黏膜表面。在这里，广泛的细胞和器官网络构成了我们所熟知的黏膜免疫系统的基础。黏膜免疫系统由一层受黏液层保护的上皮细胞组成。不同的免疫细胞监测上皮细胞的基底外侧，并且分散的二级淋巴器官，如派尔集合淋巴结和孤立淋巴滤泡配备有能够产生适当和特异性反应的免疫细胞。本综述将聚焦于目前关于宿主、饮食和细菌衍生因素在出生前后塑造黏膜免疫系统的知识。我们将讨论目前关于胎儿免疫（反应性和淋巴器官发育）以及饮食和微生物定植对新生儿免疫和疾病易感性的影响。最后，将以炎症性肠病为例讨论微生物群的组成如何可能在生命后期易患疾病。对黏膜免疫发育和耐受性所涉及机制的基本理解将有助于制定营养干预策略，以改善新生儿和成年期的健康状况。
