Maselli Bianca de S, Luna Luis A V, Palmeira Joice de O, Tavares Karla P, Barbosa Sandro, Beijo Luiz A, Umbuzeiro Gisela A, Kummrow Fábio
Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil.
Ecotoxicology. 2015 May;24(4):795-804. doi: 10.1007/s10646-015-1425-9. Epub 2015 Feb 15.
Pharmaceutical effluents have recently been recognized as an important contamination source to aquatic environments and the toxicity related to the presence of antibiotics in effluents has attracted great attention. Conventionally, these effluents have been treated using physico-chemical and aerobic biological processes, usually with low rates of pharmaceuticals removal. Due to the complexity of effluents, it is impossible to determine all pharmaceuticals and their degradation products using analytical methods. Ecotoxicity tests with different organisms may be used to determine the effect level of effluents and thus their environmental impacts. The objective of this work was to compare the sensitivities of five ecotoxicity tests using aquatic and terrestrial organisms to evaluate the toxicity of effluents from the production of veterinary medicines before and after treatment. Raw and chemically treated effluent samples were highly toxic to aquatic organisms, achieving 100,000 toxic units, but only few of those samples presented phytotoxicity. We observed a reduction in the toxicity in the biologically treated effluent samples, which were previously chemically pre-treated, however the toxicity was not eliminated. The rank of test organisms' reactions levels was: Daphnia similis > Raphidocelis subcapitata > Aliivibrio fischeri > Allium cepa ~ Lactuca sativa. Effluent treatment employed by the evaluated company was only partially efficient at removing the effluent toxicity, suggesting potential risks to biota. The acute toxicity test with D. similis proved to be the most sensitive for both raw and treated effluents and is a suitable option for further characterization and monitoring of pharmaceutical effluents.
制药废水最近被认为是水生环境的一个重要污染源，废水中抗生素的存在所带来的毒性引起了极大关注。传统上，这些废水采用物理化学和需氧生物处理工艺进行处理，通常药物去除率较低。由于废水成分复杂，使用分析方法无法确定所有药物及其降解产物。可以使用针对不同生物的生态毒性测试来确定废水的影响程度，进而确定其对环境的影响。这项工作的目的是比较使用水生和陆生生物的五种生态毒性测试的灵敏度，以评估兽药生产废水处理前后的毒性。未经处理和经过化学处理的废水样品对水生生物具有高毒性，毒性单位达到100,000，但只有少数样品表现出植物毒性。我们观察到经过化学预处理的生物处理废水样品的毒性有所降低，但毒性并未消除。测试生物反应水平的排序为：似哲水蚤> 近头状突尾藻> 费氏弧菌> 洋葱~ 生菜。评估公司采用的废水处理方法在去除废水毒性方面仅部分有效，这表明对生物群存在潜在风险。对似哲水蚤进行的急性毒性测试被证明对未经处理和处理后的废水最为敏感，是进一步表征和监测制药废水的合适选择。
