Smith Rebekah E, Hunt R Reed, Dunlap Kathryn R
Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio.
Psychol Aging. 2015 Sep;30(3):647-55. doi: 10.1037/pag0000044. Epub 2015 Jul 27.
Prior work shows that false memories resulting from the study of associatively related lists are reduced for both young and older adults when the auditory presentation of study list words is accompanied by related pictures relative to when auditory word presentation is combined with visual presentation of the word. In contrast, young adults, but not older adults, show a reduction in false memories when presented with the visual word along with the auditory word relative to hearing the word only. In both cases of pictures relative to visual words and visual words relative to auditory words alone, the benefit of picture and visual words in reducing false memories has been explained in terms of monitoring for perceptual information. In our first experiment, we provide the first simultaneous comparison of all 3 study presentation modalities (auditory only, auditory plus visual word, and auditory plus picture). Young and older adults show a reduction in false memories in the auditory plus picture condition, but only young adults show a reduction in the visual word condition relative to the auditory only condition. A second experiment investigates whether older adults fail to show a reduction in false memory in the visual word condition because they do not encode perceptual information in the visual word condition. In addition, the second experiment provides evidence that the failure of older adults to show the benefits of visual word presentation is related to reduced cognitive resources. (PsycINFO Database Record
先前的研究表明，当学习列表单词的听觉呈现伴随着相关图片时，与听觉单词呈现与单词的视觉呈现相结合时相比，年轻人和老年人因学习相关联列表而产生的错误记忆都会减少。相比之下，与仅听到单词相比，当同时呈现视觉单词和听觉单词时，年轻人会减少错误记忆，但老年人不会。在图片相对于视觉单词以及视觉单词相对于单独听觉单词这两种情况下，图片和视觉单词在减少错误记忆方面的益处都已从对感知信息的监测角度进行了解释。在我们的第一个实验中，我们首次对所有三种学习呈现方式（仅听觉、听觉加视觉单词、听觉加图片）进行了同时比较。年轻人和老年人在听觉加图片的条件下错误记忆减少，但只有年轻人在视觉单词条件下相对于仅听觉条件错误记忆减少。第二个实验调查了老年人在视觉单词条件下未能减少错误记忆是否是因为他们在视觉单词条件下没有对感知信息进行编码。此外，第二个实验提供了证据表明老年人未能展现视觉单词呈现的益处与认知资源减少有关。（PsycINFO数据库记录
