Lagisz M, Blair H, Kenyon P, Uller T, Raubenheimer D, Nakagawa S
Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Int J Obes (Lond). 2015 Dec;39(12):1669-78. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2015.160. Epub 2015 Aug 21.
There is increasing recognition that maternal effects contribute to variation in individual food intake and metabolism. For example, many experimental studies on model animals have reported the effect of a maternal obesogenic diet during pregnancy on the appetite of offspring. However, the consistency of effects and the causes of variation among studies remain poorly understood.
After a systematic search for relevant publications, we selected 53 studies on rats and mice for a meta-analysis. We extracted and analysed data on the differences in food intake and body weight between offspring of dams fed obesogenic diets and dams fed standard diets during gestation. We used meta-regression to study predictors of the strength and direction of the effect sizes.
We found that experimental offspring tended to eat more than control offspring but this difference was small and not statistically significant (0.198, 95% highest posterior density (HPD)=-0.118-0.627). However, offspring from dams on obesogenic diets were significantly heavier than offspring of control dams (0.591, 95% HPD=0.052-1.056). Meta-regression analysis revealed no significant influences of tested predictor variables (for example, use of choice vs no-choice maternal diet, offspring sex) on differences in offspring appetite. Dietary manipulations that extended into lactation had the largest effect on body weight. Subgroup analysis revealed that high protein to non-protein ratio of the maternal diet may promote increased body weight in experimental offspring in comparison with control offspring; low protein content in the maternal chow can have opposite effect.
Exposure to maternal obesogenic diets in early life is not likely to result in a substantial change in offspring appetite. Nevertheless, we found an effect on offspring body weight, consistent with permanent alterations of offspring metabolism in response to maternal diet. Additionally, it appears that protein content of the obesogenic diet and timing of manipulation modulate the effects on offspring body weight in later life.
人们越来越认识到母体效应会导致个体食物摄入量和新陈代谢的差异。例如，许多针对模式动物的实验研究报告了孕期母体致肥胖饮食对后代食欲的影响。然而，各研究结果的一致性以及差异的原因仍知之甚少。
在系统检索相关出版物后，我们选择了53项关于大鼠和小鼠的研究进行荟萃分析。我们提取并分析了孕期喂食致肥胖饮食的母鼠后代与喂食标准饮食的母鼠后代在食物摄入量和体重差异方面的数据。我们使用荟萃回归来研究效应量强度和方向的预测因素。
我们发现实验后代往往比对照后代吃得更多，但这种差异很小且无统计学意义（0.198，95%最高后验密度（HPD）=-0.118 - 0.627）。然而，喂食致肥胖饮食的母鼠后代比对照母鼠后代明显更重（0.591，95% HPD = 0.052 - 1.056）。荟萃回归分析显示，所测试的预测变量（例如，母体饮食采用选择式与非选择式、后代性别）对后代食欲差异无显著影响。延伸至哺乳期的饮食操控对体重影响最大。亚组分析显示，与对照后代相比，母体饮食中高蛋白与非蛋白比例可能会促进实验后代体重增加；母体饲料中低蛋白含量则会产生相反效果。
生命早期接触母体致肥胖饮食不太可能导致后代食欲发生实质性变化。尽管如此，我们发现了对后代体重的影响，这与后代新陈代谢因母体饮食而发生的永久性改变一致。此外，致肥胖饮食的蛋白质含量和操控时机似乎会调节对后代成年后体重的影响。
